Is Apple Spending Your Money Wisely?

We'd all like to invest as successfully as the legendary Warren Buffett. He calculates return on invested capital (ROIC) to help determine whether a company has an economic moat -- the ability to earn returns on its money beyond that money's cost.

ROIC is perhaps the most important metric in value investing. By determining a company's ROIC, you can see how well it's using the cash you entrust to it, and whether it's actually creating value for you. Simply put, ROIC divides a company's operating profit by how the amount of investment it took to get that profit:

ROIC = Net operating profit after taxes / Invested capital

This one-size-fits-all calculation cuts out many of the legal accounting tricks (such as excessive debt) that managers use to boost earnings numbers, and provides you with an apples-to-apples way to evaluate businesses, even across industries. The higher the ROIC, the more efficiently the company uses capital.

Ultimately, we're looking for companies that can invest their money at rates that are higher than the cost of capital, which for most businesses lands between 8% and 12%. Ideally, we want to see ROIC greater than 12%, at minimum. We're also seeking a history of increasing returns, or at least steady returns, which indicate that the company's moat can withstand competitors' assaults.

Let's look at Apple (Nasdaq: AAPL  ) and two of its industry peers to see how efficiently they use capital. Here are the ROIC figures for each company over several time periods:

Company	TTM	1 year ago	3 years ago	5 years ago
Apple	48.7%	108%	310.4%	NM
Dell (Nasdaq: DELL  )	43.3%	120.2%	NM	NM
Hewlett-Packard (NYSE: HPQ  )	15.8%	14.9%	16.7%	9.5%

Source: Capital IQ, a division of Standard & Poor's.

While Apple and Dell clearly meet our 12% threshold for attractiveness, they have consistently reduced their return on capital over time. That's a hardly a real reason to worry, however, given their significant levels of ROIC. The fact that Dell and Apple had unmeasurable returns a few years ago is because they (amazingly) had negative net invested capital in their business. Hewlett-Packard has also met the 12% mark for the past three periods, but it's shown fairly low, but respectable, returns compared to the other two companies.

Businesses with consistently high ROIC are efficiently using capital. They can use their extra returns to buy back shares, further invest in their future success, or pay dividends to shareholders. (Warren Buffett especially likes that last part.)

To unearth more successful investments, dig a little deeper than the earnings headlines, and check up on your companies' ROIC.