As investors, we always want our investments to generate a healthy return. However, investors often forget that returns stem from two, not one, extremely important factors:
- The business' ability to generate profits.
- The price you pay for one share of those profits.
This idea of price versus returns provides the bedrock for the approach known as value investing. In this series, I'll examine a specific business from both a quality and pricing standpoint. In doing so, I hope to provide a better sense of its potential as an investment right now.
Where should we start to find value?
As we all know, the quality of businesses varies widely. A company that has the ability to grow its bottom line faster (or much faster) than the market, especially with any consistency, gives its owner greater value than a stagnant or declining business (duh!). However, many investors also fail to understand that any business becomes a buy at a low enough price. Figuring out this price-to-value equation drives all intelligent investment research.
To do so today, I selected several metrics that will evaluate returns, profitability, growth, and leverage. These make for some of the most important aspects to consider when researching a potential investment.
- Return on equity divides net income by shareholder equity, highlighting the return a company generates for its equity base.
- The EBIT (short for earnings before interest and taxes) margin provides a rough measurement of the percentage of cash a company keeps from its operations. I prefer using EBIT over other measurements because it focuses more exclusively on the performance of a company's core business. Stripping out interest and taxes makes these figures less susceptible to dubious accounting distortions.
- The EBIT growth rate demonstrates whether a company can expand its business.
- Finally, the debt-to-equity ratio reveals how much leverage a company employs to fund its operations. Some companies have a track record of wisely managing high debt levels. Generally speaking, though, the lower the better for this figure. I chose to use five-year averages to help smooth away one-year irregularities that can easily distort regular business results.
Keeping all that in mind, let's take a look at Unum Group (NYSE: UNM ) and some of its closest peers.
|
Company
|
Return on Equity (5-Year Average)
|
EBIT Margin (5-Year Average)
|
EBIT Growth (5-Year Average)
|
Total Debt / Equity
|
| Unum |
8.63% |
11.35% |
17.13% |
29.43% |
| Aflac (NYSE: AFL ) |
19.50% |
14.87% |
14.00% |
30.16% |
| Assurant (NYSE: AIZ ) |
12.52% |
10.95% |
11.85% |
26.22% |
| Progressive (NYSE: PGR ) |
16.66% |
10.32% |
(3.74%) |
31.43% |
Source: Capital IQ, a division of Standard & Poor's.
Unum is stable but relatively unremarkable, with its strong points appearing to be its past growth and limited debt. However, its operations don't look overly profitable.
Aflac led this group on the historical-ROE and operating-margin fronts while still maintaining a respectable growth rate and conservative capital structure.
Assurant's paltry 12.5% ROE does little to interest me. Its margins leave something to be desired. I will, though, commend its double-digit growth and minimal leverage.
Progressive generated a decent return on its equity over the past five years. It shares the same margin difficulties with the other companies here, and I'd like to see more profitable operating margins. Its negative growth raises a significant red flag for me.
How cheap does Unum Group look?
To look at pricing, I've chosen to examine two important multiples: price-to-earnings and enterprise value-to-free cash flow. Similar to a P/E ratio, enterprise value (essentially debt, preferred stock, and equity holders combined minus cash) to unlevered free cash flow conveys how expensive the entire company is versus the cash it can generate. The resulting figure gives investors another measurement of cheapness when analyzing a stock. For both metrics, the lower the multiple, the better.
Let's check this performance against the price we'll need to pay to get our hands on some of the company's stock.
|
Company
|
Enterprise Value / FCF
|
P / LTM Diluted EPS Before Extra Items
|
| Unum |
8.73 |
9.53 |
| Aflac |
3.01 |
10.81 |
| Assurant |
6.95 |
15.16 |
| Progressive |
9.85 |
12.56 |
Source: Capital IQ, a division of Standard & Poor's.
These companies look quite cheap on paper. Although they operate in a competitive industry, the multiples attached to all these businesses -- but especially to Unum and Progressive -- sure seem appealing on the surface.
Insurance companies are tough to value, and investing in them can prove quite difficult for many. I always advocate understanding all aspects of the companies you select for your portfolio. If you can do that with these companies here and still like what you see, they could reward you.
Although Unum Group certainly might look like a stock for your portfolio right now, the search doesn't end here. To really get to know a company, you need to keep digging. If any of the companies I've mentioned here today piques your interest, further examining quality of earnings, management track records, or analyst estimates all make for great ways to continue your search. You can also stop by The Motley Fool's CAPS page, where our users come to share their ideas and chat about their favorite stocks. Or you can add the stocks mentioned here to My Watchlist.
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