Investors expect good returns. The more cash you get back for the amount you invested, the better your investment is. Same is true for the company you invest in. So, how do we find out whether a business is capable of generating superior returns?
The metric that matters: Return on invested capital
Growing bottom lines do not always guarantee good returns. More than earnings growth itself, it pays to find out how much has been invested into the business in order to generate that growth. This is where return on invested capital comes into play.
ROIC looks at earnings power relative to how much capital is tied up in a business. While a company's earnings may register growth, the return on invested capital might be declining. In other words, for every dollar of income generated, the company has to plough in more and more cash into the business over time. This is a warning sign. Unfortunately, investors fall into the trap of putting cash into companies that venture into less profitable projects. The result: It requires more cash for the company to generate the same returns.
Oil and gas companies have been through some tough times in the last five years. Volatility in energy prices has played a role in causing fluctuating bottom lines. But, the fact is these companies have sunk a lot of cash into investments by raising debt and by raising equity. Therefore, it makes more economic sense to find out whether these investments are generating returns that investors expect. Today, we will see how Whiting Petroleum (NYSE: WLL ) stacks up in this regard.
This is how invested capital, operating income and ROIC stack up for the past six years:
Source: Capital IQ, a Standard & Poor's company. ROIC is author's calculation. All data presented here is for a 12-month period, ending June 30 of the corresponding year.
Invested capital has shown a steady growth in the last five years while returns have been fluctuating. However, the last 24 months have shown a steady growth in returns. Whiting's strategy to grow through acquisitions and organic growth in existing acreage seems to be paying off.
In terms of competition, this is how Whiting stacks up:
|
Company
|
Return on Invested Capital (TTM)
|
Return on Equity (TTM)
|
| Whiting |
7.9% |
13.3% |
|
Concho Resources
(NYSE: CXO )
|
4.7% |
8.1% |
|
Plains Exploration & Production
(NYSE: PXP )
|
2.6% |
5.6% |
|
Enerplus Corporation
(NYSE: ERF )
|
4.2% |
13.9% |
Source: Capital IQ, a Standard & Poor's company; ROIC is author's calculation; TTM = trailing 12 months
Compared to its peers, Whiting's returns don't look too bad.
What's the return compared to the cost?
Unfortunately, ROIC alone can't tell you how well a company is operating. Invested capital comes at a cost. Investors should check whether returns on invested capital exceed that cost. The weighted average cost of capital tells us exactly that since both debt and equity are used for financing operations. Debt-to-equity currently stands at 38.5%.
Whiting's after-tax interest expense or cost of debt stands at $36 million for the trailing twelve-month period, which is more than 3% of its total debt. Expecting a 12% return from equity (beating the S&P 500's average 10% average historical return) is a fair expectation for this company given the risks involved in the shale plays and the natural gas market.
Using this data, WACC adds up to 8.7% which is higher than the ROIC of 7.9%. This is a potential red flag. Whiting hasn't been able to build on shareholder value. The company has been investing in projects whose current returns are below the rate investors expect.
Foolish bottom line
Exploration and production companies have sunk a lot of cash into investments during the past few years on which they are yet to fully realize gains. Whiting's development of its Williston Basin properties is yet to bear fruit. The low-risk, high yielding Bakken shale play could yet fetch returns that will match up with the cost involved. Still, investors can avoid possible pitfalls by finding out whether the company is capable of growing economically.
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