As investors, we need to understand how our companies truly make their money. A neat trick developed for just that purpose -- the DuPont Formula -- can help us do so.

The DuPont Formula can give you a better grasp on exactly where your company is producing its profit, and where it might have a competitive advantage. Named after the company where it was pioneered, the formula breaks down return on equity into three components:

Return on equity = net margin x asset turnover x leverage ratio

What makes each of these components important?

  • High net margins show that a company can get customers to pay more for its products. Luxury-goods companies provide a great example here.
  • High asset turnover indicates that a company needs to invest less of its capital, since it uses its assets more efficiently to generate sales. Service industries, for instance, often lack big capital investments.
  • Finally, the leverage ratio shows how much the company is relying on liabilities to create its profits.

Generally, the higher these numbers, the better. That said, too much debt can sink a company, so beware of companies with very high leverage ratios.

Let's see what the DuPont Formula can tell us about Novartis (NYSE: NVS) and a few of its sector and industry peers:

Company

Return on Equity

Net Margin

Asset Turnover

Leverage Ratio

Novartis 16.5% 17.5% 0.51 1.81
Pfizer (NYSE: PFE) 9.8% 12.7% 0.35 2.20
GlaxoSmithKline (NYSE: GSK) 36.3% 11.8% 0.64 4.48
Merck (NYSE: MRK) 5.2% 6.1% 0.44 1.84

Source: Capital IQ, a division of Standard & Poor's.

Novartis puts up a solid, if unspectacular, return on equity with the help of a strong net margin. Increased leverage could help drive its ROE even higher. Glaxo leads this group with an excellent ROE, not through the highest margin, but via relatively high asset turnover and high leverage. Pfizer and Merck pull down single-digit returns on equity, with the most significant difference being their net margins, with Pfizer doubling Merck’s.

Using the DuPont formula can often give you some insight into how a company is competing against peers and what type of strategy it's using to juice return on equity. To find more successful investments, dig deeper than the earnings headlines. If you'd like to add these companies to your watchlist, click on any of the links below: