Here's some good news about Americans' preparations for retirement -- they're about to get better. A new regulation just went into effect that tells companies how to enroll employees automatically in company-provided retirement accounts such as 401(k) plans.
It might seem insulting that your employer would sign you up for a 401(k) instead of asking you to do it yourself. But the sad truth is that when it's up to us to take action, many of us don't -- and our futures will suffer for it. So if you ask me, I say hooray for automatic enrollment!
Proving my point, Nancy Trejos of The Washington Post notes, "About one-third of eligible workers do not participate in their employers' 401(k)-type plans, according to the Labor Department. Studies have shown that automatic enrollment could reduce that rate to less than 10%."
Targeted funds
You may reasonably ask at this point just how an employer might invest this money of yours that's being diverted into a 401(k) account. Well, it can choose from customized portfolios and funds that balance stocks and bonds. A popular option is likely to be "target-date" or "life-cycle" funds.
A target-date mutual fund is designed around a specific retirement date, with its investments chosen accordingly. The Vanguard 2025 (VTTVX) fund, for example, is for those who plan to retire in 2025. It recently had 78% of its assets in stocks and 22% in bonds and cash (along with a 2.3% dividend yield); its Vanguard 2045 (VTIVX) counterpart had 89% in stocks and 11% in bonds and cash (and a 2.0% yield). Each fund shifts your assets as you get older, adding more bonds in later years.
Target-date funds tend to invest in a handful of other funds from the family's lineup. The Vanguard 2025 fund, for example, recently had 61% of its assets in the Vanguard Total Stock Market Index (VTSMX) and 9% in Vanguard European Stock Index (VEURX) -- giving you both domestic and foreign equity exposure. The former has shareholders invested in the likes of ExxonMobil
Using target-date funds is an improvement over many employers' past default choices, which tended to be "safer" options such as money-market funds. Those might be less volatile, but they aren't likely to help workers build substantial (and necessary) nest eggs. It can be riskier to seek low volatility in your investments.
IRA matters
So with this welcome development, should you invest all your available dollars in your 401(k), or should you invest in an IRA? There's no single best answer for everyone, I'm afraid. For many people, the best choice might be to use both.
One factor to consider is what you expect your future income tax rate to be. By using a 401(k) or traditional IRA, you get your taxes deferred on your contributions, and you'll pay them in retirement. If your rate is lower then (probably due to a lower income level), it makes sense to invest significantly in these vehicles.
If your rate is lower now than you expect it to be later, a Roth IRA can be extra attractive, as it has you pay your taxes upfront, and then enjoy tax-free withdrawals in retirement. (Learn much more about IRAs in our IRA Center and in this article.)
Of course, how on earth can we know what our incomes will be in 10 or 20 or 30 years, much less what the prevailing income tax rates will be? That's why it is smart to hedge your bets a little. (Note: one detail that can sway your decision is whether your company offers to match any of your 401(k) contributions to some degree. If it does, it's usually smart to grab as many of those matching dollars as you can: They are free money.)
Prepare for your golden years
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