Why Aren't You Buying Stocks on Sale?

Let's face it -- we humans are not the most logical sorts, in finance or in life. While many of us will gleefully drive across town to fill up our gas tank for $0.05 less per gallon and save maybe $0.50 overall, we forget to contribute to our retirement plans -- which could make tens of thousands of dollars' worth of difference to our retirements.

Not that we're wrong to save $0.50. In fact, we should try to save money at every turn. After all, why spend more than you need to?

The value of sales
That same principle applies to stock investing, yet many of us -- myself included -- often ignore it. Think of a company you're interested in buying. Let's use Coca-Cola (NYSE: KO  ) as an example. Before you snap up shares, take some time to determine whether it's undervalued or overvalued. Why wouldn't you want to buy a good stock on sale?

For example, ask yourself if the stock's price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) is below its historical norm. If so, that suggests an undervaluation. Another useful exercise is to compare any prospective investment with a major competitor. Let's use PepsiCo (NYSE: PEP  ) :

	Coca-Cola	PepsiCo
	$122 billion	$112 billion
P/E	24	19
Five-year P/E high/low	34/19	34/19
EBITDA	32.1%	24.1%
Five-year annual revenue	7.2%	8.2%
Yield	2.6%	2.2%
Five-year annual	11.4%	15.7%

Data is TTM and courtesy of Capital IQ, a division of Standard & Poor's.

The two competitors are actually rather close on many of these data points. I'd give the edge to PepsiCo for growing revenue at a faster clip and having a marginally more attractive P/E, but Coke demands some respect for its enormous margins and heftier dividend.

Run this exercise with some other pairs of companies, and you'll often find more marked differences. Then read up on each pair to learn more about the things the numbers don't tell you. Which company has the greatest competitive advantage? Which is developing the most promising new products or services? Which has a management team you trust more?

Price and value
In investing, it really all comes down to price and quality. You want to invest in high-quality, growing companies, and you want to buy into them at a good price -- not just any price.

To that end, here are a few companies that popped up when I ran a screen for large outfits with dividend yields of at least 2% (because falling stock prices will prop up dividend yields), EBITDA margins of at least 20% (a sign that they're efficient operators), and P/E ratios of no more than 20 (which suggests that they might be cheap-to-reasonably priced):

Company	P/E	EBITDA Margin	Yield
3M	15	27%	2.2%
Duke Energy (NYSE: DUK  )	10	36%	4.8%
National Grid (NYSE: NGG  )	14	38%	4.7%
Chevron (NYSE: CVX  )	10	20%	2.7%
Al tria Group (NYSE: MO  )	13	28%	3.9%

Gather more candidates
You might want to research some of these companies further -- or perhaps you'd rather let us do most of the work. If so, I invite you to take a free trial subscription to our Motley Fool Inside Value service, which specializes in finding significantly undervalued companies with lots of growth potential. Even better, the service's picks are beating the market's returns by 6 percentage points. A free 30-day trial will give you full access to all past issues and all the current recommendations.

Here's to a happier portfolio!

This article was originally published on Dec. 13, 2006. It has been updated.

Longtime Fool contributor Selena Maranjian owns shares of Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, and 3M. For more about Selena, viewher bio and her profile. 3M and Coca-Cola are Motley Fool Inside Value recommendations. National Grid and Duke Energy are Motley Fool Income Investor recommendations. The Motley Fool is Fools writing for Fools.