Image source: The Motley Fool.
BlackStone Group LPÂ (BX)
Q1Â 2019 Earnings Call
April 18, 2019, 9:00 a.m. ET
Contents:
- Prepared Remarks
- Questions and Answers
- Call Participants
Prepared Remarks:
Operator
Good day, and welcome to the Blackstone First Quarter 2019 Investor Call. My name is Emma, and I'm your Event Manager. During the presentation, your lines will remain on listen-only. (Operator Instructions) I would like to advise all parties, this conference is being recorded for replay purposes. And now I would like to hand the call over Weston Tucker, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.
Weston Tucker -- Head of Investor Relations
Great. Thanks, Emma, and good morning, and welcome to Blackstone's first quarter conference call. Joining today's call are Steve Schwarzman, Chairman and CEO; Jon Gray, President and Chief Operating Officer; Tony James, Executive Vice Chairman; Michael Chae, Chief Financial Officer; and Joan Solotar, Head of Private Wealth Solutions and External Relations.
Earlier this morning, we issued a press release and slide presentation along with a supplemental presentation which are available on our website. We expect to file our 10-K report next month. I'd like to remind you that today's call may include forward-looking statements, which are uncertain and outside of the firm's control and may differ from actual results materially.
We do not undertake any duty to update these statements and for a discussion of some of the risks that could affect results please see the risk factor section of our 10-K. We'll also refer to non GAAP measures and you'll find reconciliations in the press release on the shareholders page of our website. Also note that nothing on this call constitutes an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to purchase an interest in any Blackstone fund.
This audio casts its copyrighted material of Blackstone and may not be duplicated without consent. So, a quick recap of our results. We reported gap net income of $1.1 billion for the first quarter. Distributable earnings were $538 million or $0.44 per common share up 7% from the prior year. We declared a distribution of $0.37 to be paid to holders of record as of April 29th.
We also announced that Blackstone will convert from a partnership to a corporation which is expected to be effective July 1st 2019. We posted a short video to our website this morning along with the supplemental slide presentation that I mentioned walking through the details of the conversion which we encourage you to watch.
And with that I'll now turn the call over to Steve.
Stephen A. Schwarzman -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Weston, and good morning, and thank you for joining our call. Today, we're pleased to announce compelling next step in Blackstone's evolution as a public company. Our conversion to a C-Corporation. This is a journey that began in 2007 with our IPO.
Since that time, we've not only advanced our position as the clear leader in our industry growing AUM six times over that period to $512 billion, but we've also established ourselves as one of the leading public companies in the world.
For example our financial performance over the past decade ranks Blackstone among the highest, the largest 150 US public companies. We've grown revenue and earnings at more than double. The median growth rate of this group. While our profit margins are more than triple as is our dividend yield. On a composite of these four metrics, Blackstone ranks number one among the largest companies in the United States.
In addition to our financial performance, Blackstone is widely regarded as one of the best franchises. Morgan Stanley recently named Blackstone as one of the 30 best stocks for a long-term investment, based on its review of business quality and competitive positioning. We were the only asset manager on a list that includes highly recognized companies such as Amazon, Alphabet, Costco, Vista and a lot of other household names if you will in finance.
Like these firms, we have a real moat around our franchise. By delivering differentiated investment performance to our customers over decades. With minimal loss of capital, we've created a deep bond of trust resulting in a very significant percentage of repeat business. Blackstone is the reference institution in the fast growing alternatives industry, and that growth is widely expected to continue.
Morgan Stanley also predicted that management fees for our industry would grow to $70 billion annually within five years up from $45 billion currently. We are extraordinarily well positioned to benefit against this backdrop as the largest and most diverse firms with the strongest brand among both institutions and retail investors.
Blackstone stock however has not matched the trajectory of our business, even though this stock has performed in line with the S&P, since our IPO, which most people don't recognize is a lot of it comes from dividend flow that actually makes little sense for us to be at the S&P, given that our business has dramatically outperformed the market on most metrics.
On the list of 30 top companies that I referenced, we have the highest dividend yield, but the third lowest earnings multiple. Why does this discount persist? In analyzing this disconnect, we've spent considerable time speaking with our investors around the world. Consistent theme has been that our publicly traded partnerships structure, simply makes the stock too difficult to own.
We determine that over 60% of long-only index and ETF investors in the United States representing $7.5 trillion of capital are materially restricted in their ability to own PTPs and they actually typically don't.
Add to that, trillions of dollars more of non-US and retail capital that is challenged in owning PTPs and the cause of our valuation disconnect comes -- better focused. Earlier last year, following the passage of tax reform, we told you that we would carefully study the possibility of changing our structure.
We also had the benefit of being able to analyze the experience of two of our peers that converted. What we learned is that since these firms respective conversion announcements they had the best performing stocks among our peers other than Blackstone itself, which at that point had not converted. Ownership by long-only and index funds for these other firms doubled and liquidity dramatically increased with their trading volumes almost doubling on average. Time will tell, what impact conversion will have on Blackstone's stock, but we know this, conversion will make it vastly easier to own our stock.
Michael will discuss these statistics in more detail. We estimate conversion will initially remove restrictions on at least $4.5 trillion of investor capital in the US as well as trillions of dollars more institutionally. If we continue to grow, as the reference institution in our industry and now have access to trillions of dollars more buying power, I think, it's reasonable to assume, we should substantially close the gap between our valuation and that of other top companies.
We believe the action we're announcing today is a very significant step forward in driving this type of outcome. I'd like to thank the investor and analyst community for encouraging us to look at this and we greatly appreciate your patience as we went through a very thorough analysis. We're enthusiastically making this change because we think it will unlock substantial value for all of our current and future shareholders.
Closing, although our corporate structure is changing, everything else the Blackstone remains the same. We will continue to operate as the same integrated firm preserving the unique culture that has driven our success for 33 years characterized by meritocracy, entrepreneurialism and excellence in all we do. Our core mission remains unchanged, which is to drive outstanding long-term performance for our investors.
Thank you for joining our call today. And with that I'll turn things over to John.
Jonathan D. Gray -- Chief Operating Officer
Thanks, Steve, and good morning, everyone. I share Steve's optimism on driving greater value for our shareholders under the new structure. But importantly, as Steve said, the foundation of our firm is not changing.
We remain totally focused on delivering great returns, which builds trust and allows us to continue raising capital and innovating on behalf of our investors. At our Investor Day last September, we outlined a path for how this virtuous cycle would drive a meaningful step up in the growth and quality of our earnings. As today's results illustrate, the two major pillars underlying our targets. First, the raising and launching of four major flagship funds, and secondly, the trajectory of our real estate Core+ platform are both advancing better than initial expectations.
We now expect the four flagship funds, corporate private equity, global and European real estate and our PE secondaries fund to reach approximately $65 billion collectively or 30% more than their prior vintages. We've already closed on 70% of those commitments with three of the four funds substantially completed including a $22 billion first close for our corporate private equity fund, which we expect to be the largest PE fund ever raised.
For the fourth flagship fund, European real estate, we expect the vast majority of it, approximately $10 billion to be raised in the coming weeks. The ability to raise record setting funds and close to a one and done basis speaks to the strength of the global franchise. In total across the firm, gross inflows were just over a $100 billion for each of 2017 and 2018, a pace we expect to meaningfully exceed in 2019.
Our real estate Core+ platform has also continued to display the momentum we talked about at Investor Day. Growing to $36 billion in a little over five years up 22% year-on-year. This includes our non-traded REIT, BREIT, which continues to power forward, raising nearly $600 million in the most recent month, as we further expanded distribution internationally and in the IBD channel.
BREIT has already grown to $6 billion in two years, a remarkable endorsement of the power of the Blackstone brand in the retail channel. We now manage $76 billion of perpetual capital AUM in total across 13 funds. These vehicles will drive greater predictability of the firm's earnings given their enduring nature and the fact that performance revenues occur on a known timetable without requiring asset sales.
The power of our franchise allows us to rapidly expand new businesses to global scale. We've been talking about a push into faster growth areas like life sciences and growth equity. We now expect to begin fundraising for a dedicated Blackstone vehicle in life sciences in the current quarter and growth equity later this year. Our Tactical Opportunities business, which started as a $5 billion first fund in 2012 is now a $30 billion platform. In our secondaries area, our current fund will be over $10 billion are more than four times larger than when we acquired the business five and a half years ago.
And in GSO the rebuilding of our U.S. direct lending strategy is progressing well, and we expect it to exceed $12 billion later this year. Of course this always ties back to the investment performance of our funds. 15% net returns annually in both our opportunistic real estate and corporate private equity businesses for 30 years.
In the first quarter, all of our flagship strategies again delivered healthy appreciation, driving strong growth in our balance sheet receivable. Michael will discuss our returns in more detail, but overall the portfolio companies are reporting steady performance. Our public holdings also benefited from the stock market rally in the first quarter. The Fed pausing its tightening cycle combined with greater optimism on China trading growth were major factors in the rebound.
Strong market helped us launch two highly successful IPOs in the first -- the past few weeks. We listed the Embassy REIT in India, the country's first and the culmination of eight years of building one of the largest office portfolios in India, which continues to benefit from some of the strongest fundamentals in the world.
In addition, we brought Tradeweb public, a division of Refinitiv. The offering was upsized twice and 17 times oversubscribed and the stock has traded up over 40% since its debut. The biggest challenge today globally in making investments is a lack of distress and high multiples in many sectors. When valuations are rich we stay disciplined.
We're never buying the market, and we use our scale and global reach to win deals, others cannot. We committed to three large opportunistic deals in the quarter including a creatively structured midstream investment in the privatizations of two technology businesses. Ultimate Software, which represents the largest PE software deal in history and Scout24, the leading German online classifieds business. We were also active in our real estate Core+ PE core and secondaries businesses.
In total we invested $12 billion in the quarter and committed $8 billion to deals not yet closed. We have record capital on the ground today and record capital to deploy with $133 billion of dry powder. We have very long investment periods and can be patient for the right opportunities.
In closing, the firm continues to deliver strong performance for both our limited partners and our shareholders in all respects. Over the past year we've made several changes to drive even greater value for our shareholders. Last April, we announced $1 billion stock buyback program.
More recently, we simplified our financial metrics to make them easier to understand focusing on distributable earnings. And today, we are announcing our conversion to a C-Corp so a much larger universe of investors can buy the stock.
And with that I turn things over to Michael.
Michael Chae -- Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, John, and good morning. I'll begin my remarks with the details around the conversion and will refer to the pages in the supplemental presentation. I'll then review first quarter results and the outlook.
Starting on page one of the supplement with the mechanics of the conversion. We expect an effective date of July 1st as Weston stated. Existing unitholders will receive their final scheduled K-1 for the period January 1 through June 30th, 2019. After this date, all shareholders will receive a Form 1099 with respect to qualified dividends instead of a K-1.
Moving to page two, which summarizes the rationale for conversion. Takeaway here is that we view BX as a must-own stock that has been under owned historically due to our P2P structure. Why must-own? The firm has an exceptional business model and financial profile.
Page three illustrates the comparison of Blackstone to the largest 150 U.S. public companies that Steve summarized. On all four of these key metrics, revenue and earnings growth, pre-tax margin and dividend yield, we are in the first or second decile, and on an equal weighted composite, Blackstone ranks number one among the largest 150 public companies in the US.
Despite this compelling position among the leading public companies, our structure has meaningfully limited the market for our shares. Page four illustrates the extent of those restrictions. As you can see nearly 100% of index funds and ETFs are off limits to P2Ps, along with a substantial portion of long-only funds, together representing $7.5 trillion of capital as Steve said.
As a result, as shown on the right side of this page, these investors only hold 21% of BX Float well below the 60% average ownership of C-Corp Alts, Reference Financials and the largest U.S. companies. As shown on page five, by converting, we effectively doubled the unrestricted domestic long-only and index/ETF market to $9 trillion.
We eliminate the K-1 making the stock eligible for a 100% of long-only funds. We also eliminate such problematic pass-through income as UBTI, state-sourced income, and of importance to non-U.S. investors ECI. The stock becomes eligible for the benchmark indices underlying an estimated 40% of index funds and ETFs. Namely CRSP, MSCI and certain total market indices, and we're hopeful that eligibility will further increase over time.
We were encouraged by MSCI's recent decision following an 18-month review to continue including dual share class securities in its primary indices and to create an additional index family for single share class securities. We believe this is a thoughtful and well structured model for the future.
Finally and importantly as shown on page six. We are able to access the significant benefits of conversion at a modest additional tax cost. To unpack that, our fee related earnings are already largely taxed at the corporate rate today. And as outlined previously, the firm's earnings mix continues to shift toward a higher percentage of FRE over time. Our net realization income is mostly pass-through income, which will become taxable at the corporate level upon conversion.
By electing a tax basis step up, we will mitigate dilution, resulting in a negligible total impact to our distributable earnings from converging in the near-term and approximately 2% to 5% annually on average over the next five years. Looking beyond five years, longer term we ultimately expect tax dilution in the 12% to 13% range annually at the corporate level.
Finally, I would note at the shareholder level for a taxable U.S. shareholder, the impact is even lower due to the tax treatment of qualified dividend income as a C-Corp versus the various individual tax rates applied to pass-through income as a partnership.
In summary, following significant reflection over the past year and a half, we find the cost benefit analysis of conversion highly compelling. We're excited to be making this change today with success to be measured over the long-term.
Now moving to a discussion of our first quarter results. The firm's strong momentum continued in the quarter, highlighted by robust inflows and the march toward our Investor Day targets as well as attractive investment performance and a growing store value. Total AUM rose 14% year-over-year to a record $512 billion through the combination of $126 billion of gross inflows, an industry record, and $20 billion of market appreciation despite $36 billion of realizations.
To address a point of confusion recently in the press, our total AUM metric includes the underlying equity value of our funds, but not third-party leverage on our investments. This is consistent with how the other public alternative firms report except for one. Brookfield, which is an outstanding firm, includes leverage in its reported AUM, measured on the same basis, Blackstone's total AUM would be approximately $804 billion.
Management fee revenue in the quarter increased to 11% year-over-year to $814 million also a record for the firm. Fee-related earnings rose 11% to $374 million, notwithstanding the sale of our prior direct lending business last year, and our forward momentum is strong. I'll discuss the outlook more specifically in a moment.
Distributable earnings were $538 million for the quarter or $0.44 per share up 7% from the prior year and underpinned by the strong growth in FRE. Fourth quarter market turbulence had the effect of reducing the realization pipeline entering the year. That said we did complete the sales of a number of private holdings primarily in private equity, and as markets recovered, we executed several public sales and real estate and private equity.
Turning to investment performance where we saw broad-based strength across the firm in the quarter. In real estate, the opportunistic funds appreciated 4.7% while Core+ rose 2.7%. In private equity, the corporate PE funds appreciated 4.6%, strategic partners also 4.6%, and Tac Opps 2.8%.
In both private equity and real estate returns benefited from a sharp rebound in our publics as well as continued steady appreciation in our private holdings. In credit, the performing credit funds delivered a 4.1% gross return in the quarter, while the distressed funds were up 3.7% gross, and in hedge fund solutions, BAAM's composite rose 3.4% gross.
Strong fund performance powered $540 million of net accrued performance revenues in the quarter, lifting the balance sheet receivable to $3.9 billion up 10% from year-end. Fund depreciation combined with our active investment pace including $12 billion deployed in the quarter and $46 billion of the last 12 months drove performance revenue AUM in the ground to a record $221 billion up 13% year-over-year.
Taken together these are positive indicators for future value realization. Moving to the FRE outlook, as John referenced, we continue to advance on the path outlined at Investor Day. Of the major flagship funds underpinning that view, our new PE secondaries fund launched this investment period in the first quarter and is generating full fees.
The other three funds corporate private equity, global real estate, and European real estate are expected to launch investment periods throughout the second half of this year and into early 2020 and are then subject to four-month fee holidays for first closers. At Investor Day, last September, we outlined a path of 50% or better growth in 2020 FRE, which implied better than $1.70 per share.
Given our fundraising success to-date and our continued progress overall, we now have even better visibility and more confidence in that view. And, importantly, we remain confident in our path to $2 per share. Finally, in terms of returning capital to shareholders. We've repurchased nearly 18 million shares in the open market over the past year under our buyback program resulting in a flat share count, despite the firm's continued robust growth and business line expansion.
Combined with our cash distributions, we returned $3.3 billion to shareholders over the last 12 months. We remain extraordinarily focused on delivering attractive value to our shareholders and our conversion announcement today is another major step in support of that commitment.
With that we thank you for joining the call and we would like to open it up now for questions.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
Thank you. Your question-and-answer session will now begin. (Operator Instructions) The first question comes from the line of Bill Katz of Citi. Your line is now open. Please go ahead.
William Katz -- Citigroup -- Analyst
Okay. Thank you very much for taking the questions and congrats on the conversion. I agree with your assessment. So, just on the conversion itself maybe a couple of -- just sort of tactical questions. Michael, I was wondering, if you could talk about just some of the -- the tax related savings in the first few years and how you're accomplishing that and then maybe in your prepared commentary about the thoughtfulness of MSCI, but how is a dialogue with both S&P and Russell as it relate to dual class structure as well?
Michael Chae -- Chief Financial Officer
Bill, thank you. On the first question, as part of our conversion, we will be making 754 election, Section 754, which will create a step-up in assets that will be utilized as those assets are sold in addition to creating intangibles that will be amortized over 15 years. So, that is obviously one of the, but not the only factor around what we'll use modest dilution, in addition to the continued mix shift around FRE ,which as you know is already taxed largely at the corporate rate and so forth. So, that is some color on that, and in terms of the latter question. John, do you want to comment?
Jonathan D. Gray -- Chief Operating Officer
Yeah, sure. I would just say, Bill, we haven't obviously gone out because we weren't eligible for any indices, as a publicly traded partnership. So, we haven't had dialogue directly for some time on this topic, but we do look forward, as Michael noted in his remarks MSCI studied this pretty carefully, and concluded that it was OK to leave dual class shares in their indices. We think that's the right conclusion because when you look at performance and we've studied this in the S&P 500, over the last 10 years, the companies with dual class shares have doubled the performance of the overall index, and in many cases, they're founder led companies.
So, you have companies like Berkshire and Google and Nike and those founders and what they've done to drive those businesses has led to great creation of shareholder value.
So, we're hopeful that the index managers will be open to this dialogue, as we've noted a number of indices will include us and that should happen when we convert here in the next couple of months, but over time we'd love to convince folks that this is the right way to give shareholders access to great companies like Blackstone.
William Katz -- Citigroup -- Analyst
Okay. Thank you.
Operator
The next question comes from the line of Craig Siegenthaler of Credit Suisse. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Craig Siegenthaler -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst
Thanks. Good morning, everyone, and congrats on the C-Corp conversion too.
Jonathan D. Gray -- Chief Operating Officer
Thank you.
Craig Siegenthaler -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst
So, I know that you haven't changed your dividend policy today, but now that you will be paying taxes or the owners will be paying taxes on the actual dividends, and not the underlying income. How do you evaluate buying back your stock at this compelling valuation versus returning capital via dividends which now are taxed at the dividend level?
Michael Chae -- Chief Financial Officer
Yes, Bill. What, I mean, sorry, what I would say Craig overall, thanks for the question, is we don't have plans to change either our dividend policy or our zero dilution repurchase program at this point, which together we think have made for a very shareholder friendly capital return policy.
As you know, our business model is such that we can grow as we have had and will do at very high rates without essentially requiring much capital, which is pretty extraordinary. In our capital return policy reflects and takes advantage of that to the great benefit of our shareholders.
So, as you note obviously convergent enables a qualified dividend treatment that creates even more flexibility, but we're going to maintain the approach and on repurchases, as I said, we're committed to zero dilution. There is always -- we're always open to the possibility at times to be opportunistic and we will certainly reserve that right and look at it through the lens of creating long-term shareholder value for our investors.
Craig Siegenthaler -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst
Great. Thanks, Michael.
Operator
The next question is from the line of Michael Cyprys of Morgan Stanley. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Michael Cyprys -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Hey, good morning. Just a follow-up on the payout policy on the dividend. What would lead you to, I guess, change your dividend policy. To what extent is that something that you're evaluating, I mean, 85% payout for C-Corp that does seem a bit high. There are others out there that you see that have been successful with such a high dividend payout policy?
Jonathan D. Gray -- Chief Operating Officer
We've obviously made some significant changes as you guys noted over the last year in terms of moving to a share buyback program, simplifying the financials, and obviously the big announcement today on C-Corp conversion.
We're very focused on delivering for shareholders as Michael noted and what we've seen from our investors is they like these healthy dividends, and we think the market particularly in this more liquid form of C-Corp will react positively, obviously over time, if things are not positively received we can evaluate. But we really like this, we think shareholders like the idea that we're big returners of capital and we pay out healthy dividends.
Michael Chae -- Chief Financial Officer
And I'd just like to jump in, Mike, the key thing about our business it's better than any other corporation out there as we don't need capital to grow. We can grow at high double-digits without having to reinvest in fixed plant equipment. There's so many other businesses need, and that's one of the great things about Blackstone.
Michael Cyprys -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Great. Thank you.
Operator
The next question is from the line of Robert Lee of KBW. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Robert Lee -- KBW -- Analyst
Great. Thank you, and congratulations on pulling the trigger on the conversion.
Jonathan D. Gray -- Chief Operating Officer
Thanks, Rob.
Robert Lee -- KBW -- Analyst
I guess my question is maybe moving away from the conversion a little bit to the high net worth and retail market. I know, John, you talked a little bit about some of the success you're having there and expanding globally, but I'm just curious more specifically for a bunch of years now, a lot of people in the industry have looked at the big pool of retirement assets 401(K) assets as this kind of holy grail and for any number of reasons, the liquidity of your strategies, sponsor concerns over litigation wherever maybe -- any maybe this is the question for John, but any sense that you're starting to see some light at the end of the tunnel, but some of these hurdles maybe can overcome the next couple of years and you can actually start accessing that pool of capital?
Jonathan D. Gray -- Chief Operating Officer
So, it's a very good question. We, I think, like many others recognize as increasingly in private sector, we've gone from defined benefits to defined contributions. Individual investors don't have access to the returns we generate in private markets.
And so if you think about a young person in their early 20's contributing to a 401(K) and yet the requirement today is for daily liquidity. It's really a regulatory requirement that has made it very difficult to you know to give our products to the retail world and the 401(K) retirement world. You know it's not super logical that they shouldn't have some portion of their portfolio available for alternatives.
We have been working sort of in Washington talking to various folks, we and others in the industry about the idea of opening up the retirement community. Tony specifically has spent some time on this as well. John Finley, our General Counsel, Wayne Berman on Government Relations.
We think that this is an area where it makes a lot of sense for these long-term pools of capital for individual investors to have access to alternatives, and our suspicion is over time these markets will open up. I think regulators rightly will want to make sure that the folks who do this are highly experienced that the fees that are charged are reasonable.
There have been abuses in the past with alternative products in retail hands. And so we think a collaborative approach with regulators could lead to a very good outcome for individual investors in their retirement accounts and obviously for money managers like us.
Michael Chae -- Chief Financial Officer
Yes, I would just like to point out the statistics, Rob. The average 401(K) returns 3% to 4%, the average pension returns 7% to 8%. The big difference is the pension plans allocate to alternatives.
Robert Lee -- KBW -- Analyst
Great. Thank you for taking my question.
Operator
The next question is from the line of Ken Worthington of JPMorgan. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Kenneth Worthington -- JPMorgan -- Analyst
Hi, good morning. Thanks for taking my questions. I guess in terms of dilution from the conversion is the tax bucket you're creating with the conversion essentially the sole driver of the difference between the near-term 2% to 5% and the long-term 12% to 13%. Is there a difference between the cash taxes from this blocker and reported, and then maybe lastly, I assume that management will continue to own a different class of shares here. To what extent does that dual ownership structure have any positive impact on this dilution from the C-Corp shares?
Michael Chae -- Chief Financial Officer
Hey, Ken, you're referring to a blocker, I mentioned, in my remarks. It's a asset step up in tax basis. So, a different term of art. In terms of the cash versus reported taxes, those will be aligned, and that's a factor I also mentioned the evolution of our earnings mix, which will continue as we talked about in Investor Day toward FRE within DE, which already currently, as you know, is largely taxed at the corporate rate.
So, those are, I think, a couple of perspectives on your first question. And as for your second question, that's not a driver, the effective tax rates and the dilution, the dilution I alluded to are on the common as referred to DE per common dilution numbers.
Kenneth Worthington -- JPMorgan -- Analyst
Okay, great. Thank you.
Operator
Next question is from the line of Alex Blostein of Goldman Sachs. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Alexander Blostein -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Thanks, guys. Another one on taxes. So, I guess, as we think about the run rate tax rate going forward, I guess, starting you know the second half of 2019 into 2020. What should we be thinking about in terms of the rate and then is it expected to gradually increase over the kind of five-year period and then normalize in the low 20s or it kind of stays low and then takes a step up once you get through the five-year period.
Michael Chae -- Chief Financial Officer
Yes, I think, Alex it sounds like you've more or less got your fingers on it, you know, under our current partnership structure we estimate our effective tax rate on DE per common, would have been in the range of around 11% to 13% going forward.
As a corporation we expect that to be at or maybe just above the high-end of that range on average over the next five years. And longer term, we expect the rate to trend to the low 20's, and so, you know, within the next five years which you're getting at is in terms of the shape of that, it obviously depends on the activity and income mix in terms of what we sell and when we sell it.
We expect pretty negligible change in the next few years relative to the current rate, while in the latter part of the five years we should begin to trend toward that longer term rate.
Alexander Blostein -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Got it. Thanks.
Operator
The next question is from the line of Michael Carrier of Bank of America Merrill Lynch. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Michael Carrier -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
All right. Thanks, everyone, and good morning. Michael, you gave a pretty good pathway on the FRE. I know you know the realized income is obviously tougher to predict and you know the whole industry had a little bit of a pause, you know, given the fourth-quarter volatility. I just wanted to get your sense, you know, when you look at the performance of the portfolio across the different segments, some of the IPO that you guys have launched and then you know what maybe secondaries are out there. Just how we should be thinking about you know the realized performance fees in this environment?
Michael Chae -- Chief Financial Officer
Sure, Michael. You know as you point out the portfolio is performing, we're pleased with that as you saw on the investment performance. You know as I mentioned in my remarks the first quarter obviously saw the impact of the significant market dislocation of the fourth quarter. It's still early in this quarter and in the year.
But you know the markets and market conditions have obviously materially improved, as prices have recovered and you know some measures that are we replenished the net accrued performance revenue balance in a really significant way that 10% quarter-over-quarter growth in the first quarter was actually the largest, sequential increase we've had since the second quarter of 2014, both on the dollars and percentage increase basis, and you alluded to this.
Our public portfolio between appreciation and new IPO activity, our liquid public holdings are up about 25% in size today versus the beginning of the year. So, the value in the ground continues to grow, the pipelines rebuilding. We have some substantial things sort of in motion in the hopper. Those will play out according to their own timetables, but we feel good about our position as we go forward through the year.
Michael Carrier -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Okay. Thanks a lot.
Operator
And the next question is from the line of Glenn Schorr of Evercore ISI. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Kaimon Chung -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst
Hi. This is Kaimon Chung in for Glenn Schorr. So, many of the asset managers have been giving a little more vocal on the prospects of China being a big growth market for them. I'm not sure anyone has better taste than you and Steve specifically, but can you talk about your views on that market opening up and how Blackstone is positioning for that and anything on timing would be great? Thanks.
Stephen A. Schwarzman -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Yes, sure. China is going to be opening a variety of areas in finance, the banks, the insurance companies and also in the brokerage area and they'll first go to a majority permitted by foreigners.
And then they will be able after a few years to take 100%. And so, obviously, they have existing regulations and then there should be some modifications of those. And this is an area where, I think, the Chinese will be very cautious in terms of the quality of companies that they green light. And I think this is an area of long-term interests for any firm such as ours.
There are particular areas where China has a lot of assets like real estate, the big source of where they put their savings. Stock markets must show as important in China as you know. And people save and they invest in real estate as their primary drivers. We happen to be unusually capable in that area compared to competitors around the world. Longer term this is something along with our other business lines that I think we would be interested in. This is all evolving now. People are negotiating some of these elements. It's an area where the Chinese want to have much more engagement with the outside world.
And so things, hopefully, will line up at some future time. We're not involved in any negotiations at the moment with them. But things are going to change. So, I think, after the agreement, which everybody anticipates will be done within the next six weeks or so could be the wrong time, could be another week or two either way. But that's the current thinking of where things should shake out.
Kaimon Chung -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
The next question is from the line of Chris Kotowski of Oppenheimer & Co. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Chris Kotowski -- Oppenheimer & Co. -- Analyst
Yes, good morning. A question for John Gray, I suppose. I'm curious about your approach on investing BREP IX in that like historically I always thought of Blackstone's opportunistic real estate that you try to buy properties below cost then you buy it, fix it, sell it and I also kind of thought you know a big portion of the funds would be invested in small and mid-rise suburban office buildings that might be $20 million or $30 million ticket. But you know now with an $18 billion fund it seems like you'd be more reliant on bigger deals like the Sears Tower and things like that. But you know every city you go to there's massive construction, construction seems to be booming. So, the current environment just doesn't seem you know in sync with your historical style. So, can you talk about your approach to investing BREP IX.
Jonathan D. Gray -- Chief Operating Officer
Sure. I guess I'd say a few things. The challenge today in investing is opportunistically in the United States is a reflection of the fact that there is not a lot of distress and prices are relatively full, and so on that point it is not an environment where you are sort of back up the truck and buy everything, let's say, it was you know back in seven or eight years ago.
That being said what I would differ on is the way we've run the business. It is not generally been small deals. It's been a scale business. If you went back to the pre-crisis era, the way we were able to really dodge some of the big challenges we did two very large deals in the EOP and Hilton, which we ended up making more than $20 billion on, when most investments in real estate of that vintage turned out to be substantial losses, and we've continued on that in housing, in RG, real estate deal. So, I think, the business models very much staying the same. I think at some point here the opportunities, remember, we get this capital for a long period of time.
So, if there's not a lot to do we can sort of leave the bat on our shoulder, but then what happens is, the US economy here with potential US-China trade resolve, with the Fed on hold, we could see potentially reacceleration rates could move back up a bit, stocks could trade down that would create a new investable universe for us.
Things tend to change over time. In addition, beyond the US, of course, our global fund participates along with our Europe and Asia funds around the world where actually there's a bit of a better opportunistic real estate investing environment.
So, the scale of what we do, the time, the patience, and our ability to look across the universe to all different asset class give us a lot of flexibility, and I have a lot of confidence in our real estate team, and what we see out there. So, overall, it's certainly a tougher environment to invest, but I feel very good that we'll continue to do a great job for investors as we've done for 30 years.
Chris Kotowski -- Oppenheimer & Co. -- Analyst
Okay. Thank you.
Operator
The next question is from the line of Brian Bedell of Deutsche Bank. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Brian Bedell -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Great. Thanks. Good morning, folks. Congrats on the C-Corp. Also maybe a couple of questions along that line. Just if we did get into an environment where realizations slowed down significantly such as in a difficult prolonged market environment, would that elevate the tax rate closer to that FRE tax rate on the corporate level, so something well above the 13% and closing in the 20s. And then also just separately, is there any change in compensation plans for the employees of Blackstone as a result of the C-Corp conversion both for employees across the board and then also the investment teams?
Michael Chae -- Chief Financial Officer
Sure, Brian. On the first one, I think, it might be inverted from your question which is from a dilution standpoint, from conversion, the more performance fees there are, the more at the margin dilution there'd be, and the lower the level of performance fees the less dilution because, obviously, the biggest change in terms of tax rate will be at C-Corp will be on the performance fees.
Jonathan D. Gray -- Chief Operating Officer
And then on the employee side, investment side, non-investment side. No change in any compensation policy.
Brian Bedell -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Okay. Thank you.
Operator
The next question is from the line of Gerald O'Hara of Jefferies. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Gerald O'Hara -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Great. Thanks. Just picking up on John's comments on the lack of distress and higher multiples in the current environment and I suspect some of the same commentary from the real estate side will apply here, but perhaps you could speak to how you get comfortable with the sizing for the latest vintage private equity fund and why, I guess, $24 billion or more is the right number for that vehicle? Thank you.
Jonathan D. Gray -- Chief Operating Officer
Yes. What's interesting in private equity is, if you look at the data, and you went back to say 2006, now, 13 years ago and the number of large buyout funds, call it $15 billion or more. I think that number is unchanged and yet during that time the global market cap has more than doubled.
So, what we've seen is, lots of capital move into the middle market, private equity area, and a lot less capital move into these larger transactions. And so, we think, having the ability to have big scale capital, and do larger transactions like Refinitiv and a number the corporate carve outs we've done and things we're looking at. We think that's a big competitive advantage, and again, it's a large world, we invest not only in the US, but in Europe and Asia both places we've been quite active, and we continue to see a pretty good pipeline of deals.
I mean in the first quarter, large transactions with Ultimate Software with Scout24, both companies that we think are terrific, and having the ability to write large checks, $1 billion plus $2 billion checks really makes a difference. So, we like the large end of the market, and we certainly don't feel like we have too much capital, but as Steve commented on publicly on some of his TV appearances earlier. We cap our funds. We're very mindful of not having too much capital.
And so, if you look at our funds, go back to the real estate comment earlier or here on private equity, our funds have been growing 20% to 30%, but that's of course five or six years from the previous fund. So, if you look at that on an annual basis, we've actually been pretty modest in how much we've allowed these funds to grow.
The growth of the firm has been the expansion of our capabilities by product type and geographically, and the firm sits at a really unique spot today, which is almost everything we move into, if we have a team, there's a compelling market opportunity. We go see our investors. They will give us capital, and we're really the governors of how much capital we'll take for our strategy, and we really focus on long term delivering returns.
If we don't do a good job, if we take excess money, if we deploy the capital in the wrong way that's how we damage this franchise. And our focus, number one focus, our investment committee process, everything we do is on delivering great returns to investors.
Operator
Okay. So, the next question we've got is from the line of Patrick Davitt of Autonomous Research. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Patrick Davitt -- Autonomous Research -- Analyst
Hey, thanks for taking the question. I want to go back to the retirement question. The commissioner of the SEC like said there was a -- he was actually thinking about putting alternatives into retirement. And I'm sure Tony you had a part of that -- how does that actually happen. What is the probability that it happens and what are the like wrappers that you put it around it to make it work?
Jonathan D. Gray -- Chief Operating Officer
You know, I think, it's too early to say. This is -- obviously regulators are going to have to decide. I'm sure there'll be a long-term process here to go through. It's hard to say how quickly this will happen, what the process will be.
I just think back to Tony's earlier comment is, there is a big differential between what pension funds have been able to achieve and what individuals have been able to achieve in their 401(K)s and regulators see that. So, I think, there'll be a lot of discussion and focus the way forward you know, I think, that's hard to predict. I don't know if you want to put some meat on that.
Hamilton E. James -- Executive Vice Chairman
Patrick, I might say, that it's probably won't be a million little investors picking Blackstone private equity or Blackstone real estate. You will probably see this come in the form that our alternative products will be included in target date funds.
So, an investor will pick a target date fund, which will be relatively more allocated toward capital gain products in the early stage of the fund and as he gets near or she gets near mature retirement become more income oriented. So, it will probably be embedded in other products as a start.
Patrick Davitt -- Autonomous Research -- Analyst
So, do you think the probability of going up that it will happen?
Hamilton E. James -- Executive Vice Chairman
Yes.
Patrick Davitt -- Autonomous Research -- Analyst
Thank you.
Jonathan D. Gray -- Chief Operating Officer
And I do think I would just say generally when you look at the long-term positives in our business, Steve touched on the China retail opportunity. Here we just talk about retirement savings, we've talked in the past about insurance. There are a number of large markets where we see a lot of white space to go.
Operator
The next question is from the line of Bill Katz of Citi. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
William Katz -- Citigroup -- Analyst
Okay. Thank you very much for taking the follow-up question. Just coming back to a fee paying AUM for a moment. It seems like, I appreciate, the observations for the outlook for the next couple of years in terms of FRE. Could you maybe just provide a little bit of a pathway of how you sort of see the more recent capital raising feeding at the fee paying AUM and how that schedule may look over the next six to twelve months, number one. And then, number two, I guess, you mentioned sort of you're in the market now for life sciences and ultimately the growth equity. Is there a way to sort of broadly frame your expectations around initial fund closure sizes? Thank you.
Michael Chae -- Chief Financial Officer
Hey, Bill. Welcome back. On the first part, obviously, the gap today that you see between AUM and fee paying AUM growth is -- are these large funds we've raised that are yet to be lit up. So, as you see the BCP fund, the BREP Global Fund, BREP Europe et cetera light up as I mentioned in the course of the second half of the year into early next year. You'll see those aligned. There'll obviously be other things going on that may lead to divergence or convergence, but that's really the big drivers you need to wait for those things to happen. Growth equity?
Jonathan D. Gray -- Chief Operating Officer
Oh, yeah, I think, it's a little early on growth equity and life sciences. What I can say is Clarus' earlier vintage fund was $1 billion. I think we're pretty confident that it will be multiples of that given the scale of the opportunity we see in that marketplace, and the team they've got there, and they had really been constrained not by opportunities, but by access to capital and becoming part of Blackstone.
I think we'll help them write much larger checks because we'll be able to raise capital and some of the deal flow has picked up a bit. So, I think, in both of these areas there's an opportunity to grow certainly early funds at a certain size, but even much larger over time.
William Katz -- Citigroup -- Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
Next question is from the line of Brian Bedell of Deutsche Bank. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Brian Bedell -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Great. Thanks very much. That was actually my question, but maybe just a follow-up on that Michael to get to the $1.74 for 2020. Is that your assessment of what you have raised that's not yet fee paying and what you have in the pipeline that you know right now that you think you will be raising to get to that. And does that include the $1.70. Does that include the expectations for the life sciences and growth equity?
Michael Chae -- Chief Financial Officer
Brian, so the better than $1.70 that I mentioned was, as I said, really a reaffirmation of the same target that we articulated on Investor Day last September and with the passage of six or seven months and the fundraising progress. Our message is, our confidence is even higher and our visibility is higher.
So, that takes into account, the views on fund raising, where we see the rest of our business including life sciences going, but obviously we can visibility and even greater weight is placed on things that are more or less in the bag like the fund raising that's already occurred.
Brian Bedell -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Right. Okay. That's clear. Okay, thank you.
Operator
And the last question comes from the line of Devin Ryan of JMP. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Devin Ryan -- JMP Securities -- Analyst
All right. Great. Good morning. Getting in a little late here, but just wanted to follow-up with one on the conversion, I think, the dilution was a little less than some people were thinking. So, good to see there and I know there are a lot of considerations to the decision, but I'm curious how the political backdrop played in if at all, meaning, if corporate tax rates were to, at some point in the future move higher under a different administration, and hopefully that doesn't happen, but at what point kind of statutory rates, what was just the right decision or would this have been the right decision? And just thinking about to the extent that scenario ever happened kind of what grandfathered benefits you gave up, and if it would ever make sense to go back. So, I don't want to go there, but just curious since it's kind of the other side a lot of questioning.
Michael Chae -- Chief Financial Officer
Devin, I think, it's pretty simple for us. We manage for the long-term and this is definitely the right long-term decision for our shareholders in our view, and it's one that stands up in different scenarios political and otherwise.
Even at higher corporate rates that are talked about or have been contemplated and obviously that requires a particular political scenario to happen or not happen. It's still the right decision at sort of let's say at a 25% to 28% range of corporate rates versus the current 21%.
The additional dilution certainly over the medium term is, it's only about 1% or 2% per year versus what we said. And, in that scenario, not to get too far ahead of ourselves, a lot of people would say higher individual taxes are likely to accompany higher corporate rates, which cuts the opposite way, and could in fact offset the dilutive impact on an after tax basis at the shareholder level for say US taxable shareholders.
So, but the bottom line is we feel great about this and we're committed to the decision.
Devin Ryan -- JMP Securities -- Analyst
Great. Thank you and congratulations.
Michael Chae -- Chief Financial Officer
Thank you.
Jonathan D. Gray -- Chief Operating Officer
Thank you.
Operator
I'm now handing over to Weston Tucker for closing remarks.
Weston Tucker -- Head of Investor Relations
Great. Thanks everyone for joining us this morning and please follow up after the call with any questions.
Operator
Thank you. That concludes your conference call for today. You may now disconnect. Thank you for joining.
Duration: 64 minutes
Call participants:
Weston Tucker -- Head of Investor Relations
Stephen A. Schwarzman -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Jonathan D. Gray -- Chief Operating Officer
Michael Chae -- Chief Financial Officer
William Katz -- Citigroup -- Analyst
Craig Siegenthaler -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst
Michael Cyprys -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Robert Lee -- KBW -- Analyst
Kenneth Worthington -- JPMorgan -- Analyst
Alexander Blostein -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Michael Carrier -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Kaimon Chung -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst
Chris Kotowski -- Oppenheimer & Co. -- Analyst
Brian Bedell -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Gerald O'Hara -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Patrick Davitt -- Autonomous Research -- Analyst
Hamilton E. James -- Executive Vice Chairman
Devin Ryan -- JMP Securities -- Analyst
Transcript powered by AlphaStreet
This article is a transcript of this conference call produced for The Motley Fool. While we strive for our Foolish Best, there may be errors, omissions, or inaccuracies in this transcript. As with all our articles, The Motley Fool does not assume any responsibility for your use of this content, and we strongly encourage you to do your own research, including listening to the call yourself and reading the company's SEC filings. Please see our Terms and Conditions for additional details, including our Obligatory Capitalized Disclaimers of Liability.
