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BJ's Wholesale Club Holdings, Inc (BJ -3.60%)
Q1 2019 Earnings Call
May 23, 2019, 8:30 a.m. ET
Contents:
- Prepared Remarks
- Questions and Answers
- Call Participants
Prepared Remarks:
Operator
Good morning, my name is Chris and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the BJ's Wholesale Club First Quarter Fiscal 2019 Earnings Conference Call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speakers' remarks, there will be a question-and-answer session. (Operator Instructions) Thank you.
I would now like to turn the call over to Faten Freiha, Vice President, Investor Relations. You may begin your conference.
Faten Freiha -- Vice President, Investor Relations
Thank you. Good morning, everyone. We appreciate you joining BJ's Wholesale Club's first quarter fiscal 2019 earnings conference call. Chris Baldwin, Chairman and CEO; Bob Eddy, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer; and Bill Werner, Senior Vice President, Strategic Planning and Investor Relations are on the call. Chris and Bob will provide you with an overview of our results followed by a Q&A session.
Before we begin, please remember that during this call, we may make forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These statements are based on our current expectations and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations, described on this call and in today's press release. Please see the Risk Factors section of our Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 25, 2019 for a description of those risks and uncertainties.
Finally, please note that on today's call, we will refer to certain non-GAAP financial measures that we believe will provide useful information for investors. The presentation of this information is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the financial information presented in accordance with GAAP. Please refer to today's press release and supplemental document posted on the Investors section of our website for a reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.
With that, I'll turn the call over to Chris.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Good morning. Thank you for joining us. Ahead of discussing our results for the quarter, I'd like to share that Robert Steele who has served on our Board since 2016, has been appointed to serve as our Lead Independent Director. His extensive experience and knowledge of our industry and our business will be invaluable. His appointment enhances our corporate governance and we all -- we all look forward to working with Rob in his expanded role.
Let's turn to our results. Our first quarter results reflect a solid start to the year as we continued our transformation of our company. We're pleased with our performance in sales, earnings and cash flows. For the quarter, we saw merchandise comp sales of 1.9%, representing a 3.9% two-year stacked comp. Sales were affected by the timing shift of government assistance benefits, which we discussed last quarter. Without the shift our comp sales would have been above the high end of our full year guidance range, which is 1.5% to 2.5%.
Adjusted EBITDA was $124 million, up 2% over last year, which exceeded our internal expectations. We continue to drive strong cash flows and expect to reach our goal of leverage below 3 times EBITDA in Q2, well ahead of our accelerated schedule.
My comments today will be focused on the work we're doing to transform our company for the long-term. Our investments are focused on building capabilities across our strategic priorities, which are acquiring and retaining members, delivering value to get them shopping, make it more convenient to shop at BJ's and of course, expanding our strategic footprint.
First, I'll give you an update on our acquiring and retaining members. Our membership level remains at historic highs and we delivered member -- record membership fee income in the quarter. We continue to see increases in both new members and renewals. In addition, we experienced double-digit growth in members enrolling in our higher tier memberships. Our co-brand credit card is a powerful tool for delivering value and engaging our members. As a group, our credit card holders are among our most loyal members with the highest lifetime value.
Since we launched the program in 2014, enrollment in our credit card plan has quintupled, and we continue to find new and innovative ways to improve this program. As I mentioned on previous calls, last year, we invested in technology that enables credit card sign-ups through our in-lane POS system. Early results of this investment are encouraging, with new credit card enrollment up more than 20% over the same period last year and we expect strong growth to continue during 2019.
Our second priority is to deliver value to get our members shopping. We started our assortment transformation in our general merchandise business several years ago. Our GM performance shows that members respond well to new categories, products and brands, obviously at unbeatable prices. For the first quarter our GM comp sales were up 9%, a continuation of our strong third and fourth quarter performance. We saw a growth during the quarter in a number of general merchandise categories, including consumer electronics, toys and home, which includes products such as gift cards, books and kitchen items. Our investment in assortment capabilities is driving continued growth in our apparel business. We're able to change our inventory more often, ensuring that we can deliver relevant styles and seasonal items at the right time, at great prices.
Since we started our apparel transformation, we've seen growth in categories like children's licensed apparel and women's athleisure. In the first quarter, we've continued to see these trends while also seeing strong performance in men's active-wear from brands such as Reebok and Champion.
Given our consumer target, men's work-wear has also been a growth driver for us.
TV sales were also very strong in the quarter driven by our assortment and the investments we made to improve the quality of signals in our clubs to better showcase high definition TVs. Growth has been particularly strong in premium TVs, which we define as those larger than 60 inches.
Our grocery and perishables business are key to delivering value to our members. In Q1, our perishables business, which includes Frozen Foods was impacted by the government assistant benefits shift I mentioned earlier. At the same time, our focus on value and in club execution deliver growth in key areas of our fresh business during the quarter, including all of produce, rotisserie chicken, bakery and full-service deli. We're also quite pleased with our performance during the Easter season.
As we've mentioned before, our simplified baby assortment is delivering increased productivity with significantly less space. We are taking a deliberate approach to applying our assortment learnings. We see opportunities throughout our clubs to simplify our assortment with an emphasis on the most productive items and to enhance the member experience through improved displays and graphics.
In terms of member experience, we've worked with Starbucks to improve presentation in our coffee category. We plan to expand a current test of in-club signage and displays that have coffee with complementary items. We'll start to apply our assortment learnings across a range of grocery categories beginning in Q2. As in other areas of the club, we expect to simplify the assortment in great value to resonate with our members over time. Our members continue to appreciate the value provided by our own brands and our penetration remains strong driven by Wellsley Farms produce meat and seafood.
In Q2 we are offering a selection of summer seasonal items and we're expanding our housewares collection, which will strengthen our own brands presence within general merchandise.
As I have foreshadowed, we see a significant opportunity to improve our services business at BJ's and as we deliver new products and value to our members. Our optical business, which we started to relaunch late in the fourth quarter is gaining momentum with our members and we're able to deliver improved value in a stronger selection.
In Q1 we launched an improve contact lens offering, which offers very competitive value compared to online and club store competitors and we are pleased with the early performance. We're just beginning to transform our services offering and look forward to strengthening our portfolio in ways that deliver additional value to members over time.
Our next strategic priority is making it more convenient to shop at BJ's. We continue to invest in our digital products, properties, adding new capabilities and improving features rolled out over the last year. In Q1, we launched a new feature on bjs.com, making it more convenient for members to reorder items they've previously purchased. In addition, we are now showcasing our fresh items on bjs.com making it easier for members to see the breadth of our offering. Sales driven by convenience features like buy-online-pick-up-in-club and same-day delivery, was small relative to the rest of our business continue to grow rapidly. Items that account for more than 0.75% of our sales are now available for same-day delivery at club store prices.
We've also started to streamline the buy-online-pick-up-in-club feature by enabling members to check in for pickup in our app eliminating the need to wait online. Importantly, a significant number of BOPIC shoppers buy additional items once they're in the club. We also started to update and improved convenience feature that allows people to scan and pay for in-club purchases within our app. This new test builds on our earlier pilot program and plays on the unique advantage of the club store environment, where every item is directly scannable with the UPC code. In-club stores shoppers do not need to weigh articles and print and scan their own labels for items such as fresh produce. While our current test is still quite small this is a potentially transformational change for us. We'll continue to learn from the ongoing tests as we work to provide a more convenient seamless shopping experience for our members.
Finally, we plan to expand our strategic footprint. Our club in Clearwater, Florida is off to a strong start. We are pleased with membership acquisition which has exceeded our goals. In the first quarter, we also broke ground on two clubs in Eastern Michigan and are on track to open both clubs in Q4.
We're actively looking at additional locations in this market.
I want to make a comment on our gas business. BJ's gas stations are key to delivering value to our members. In Q1 our comp gas gallons showed significant growth as we continue to take share from our competitors. Our credit card and gas business are excellent examples of how various elements of our value proposition work together to drive growth.
Our credit card offers members additional savings on gas driving both credit card sign-ups and gas sales. We've also found that offside (ph) gas stations are important tools for driving member acquisition and keeping BJ's top of mind for our members. We're on track to open 8 to 10 gas stations in fiscal year 2019 and expect to have gas stations and about two-thirds of our clubs by the end of this year.
Overall, we're pleased with our performance in Q1 and most importantly, we're optimistic about the opportunities ahead of us. The investments we've made are resonating with members in driving growth. Going forward, we'll continue to drive growth by focusing on our strategic priorities and investing in the company for the long-term.
With that, I'll turn the call over to Bob, who will review our results and outlook for the year in more detail. Bob?
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Thanks, Chris. Good morning, everyone. As Chris noted Q1 merchandise comp was 1.9%, reflecting a 3.9% two-year stacked comp. In addition, we drove growth in our gross margins, earnings and cash flows during the quarter. We are on track to deliver our full year outlook and remain focused on continuing the company's transformation in order to deliver our long-term financial goals.
Let's turn to our results for the first quarter in more detail. Net sales increased by 2.5% to $3.1 billion. Comp sales increased by 2% including a 0.1% favorable impact from the sale of gasoline. Merchandise comp sales, which exclude gasoline increased by 1.9%, primarily driven by increased traffic.
Let me walk you through a few external factors that impacted our merchandise comp performance. First, as we mentioned in our last earnings call, there was a shift in the timing of government EBT funds from February into January. This shift between Q1 and Q4 reduced EBT transactions for this quarter. On the net the headwind was a bit more than we had originally anticipated when we entered the year.
Second, we had a slight benefit from our competitors labor disruption in April. This small benefit was offset by unfavorable weather during the month. Excluding those factors, we believe our first quarter merchandise comp performance would have been slightly above the high end of our full year guidance range.
Let's turn to our comparable club sales by division. The shift in government assistance timing had the largest impact on our perishables division where comps were negative 1%. About half of a typical EBT basket is made up of perishables. The headwind was particularly pronounced in stock up categories such as frozen food, which is included in our perishables division. Excluding this shift, we believe our perishables comp would have been closer to our recent full year performance trend.
As Chris noted, we continue to work on our perishables business and we saw solid growth in certain categories this quarter such as fresh produce, and bakery. In our edible and non-edible grocery divisions, comps were 1% for the quarter. Excluding the EBT shift, edible grocery comps would have been closer to our recent full year performance. We continue to transform these two businesses by simplifying our assortment, adding new offerings and enhancing our presentation, the highlight the value we provide to our members. The work that started on our Baby assortment has continued into our health and beauty categories with more to come.
Lastly, in our general merchandise division where we've made significant investments, comp sales grew by 9% for the quarter. We continue to see strong growth across various categories including Home, TVs, Apparel, and Toys. Membership fee income grew by 8% during the first quarter, approximately half of the growth was driven by growth in numbers and half by our membership fee increase. Recall it the benefit from the fee increase launched in January 2018 peaked in last year's fourth quarter and will wane throughout this year. The growth in MFI underscores our continued focus on adding new members, maintaining our high renewal rate and growing our higher tier membership program. Excluding the gasoline business our merchandise gross margin rate increased by approximately 30 basis points over last year, driven by continued benefits from our procurement initiatives. This represents a return to solid margin rate growth provided by our CPI program and reflects a two-year stacked merchandise margin improvement of approximately 130 basis points. As expected, gasoline margins return to historical levels following the market dislocation in the fourth quarter of last year.
SG&A expenses were $500 million in the first quarter compared to $481 million in the prior year after excluding $5 million in nonrecurring expenses in the prior year period. This year-over-year increase in SG&A is primarily driven by investments in our capabilities and talent in areas such as our optical business to continue our transformation over the long-term.
Interest expense decreased to $28 million from $45 million a year ago, due primarily to deleverage and the benefit of repricing our first lien term loan and ABL facilities in last year's third quarter. For the quarter, we recorded an income tax expense of $7 million compared to $5 million in the prior year period. The variance between our normalized tax rate of 28% and the reported rate of 16% for this quarter was driven primarily by windfall tax benefits from stock options exercised. Adjusted net income in the first quarter exceeded our internal expectations at $37 million or $0.26 per share compared to $28 million or $0.20 per share in the prior year period.
Our press release, includes a table that reconciles GAAP net income to adjusted net income including on a per share basis. Adjusted EBITDA of $124 million also came in ahead of our internal expectations.
Moving now to the balance sheet, our AP to inventory ratio which measures how much of our inventory is sold before we pay for it remains solid at 76%, and free cash flow for the quarter came in at $8 million ahead of our expectations for the first quarter of the year. As a result, our funded net debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio was 3 times at the end of the quarter. As we've previously said, as we get further into this year and this ratio falls below 3 times, we will begin to think about alternative uses for our excess cash.
Before turning to our guidance, I would like to note that we adopted the new lease accounting standard during this quarter. As a result we recorded assets and liabilities of approximately $2 billion on our balance sheet. Importantly, the change did not have any material impact on our adjusted EBITDA or net income. It did yield some small P&L geography changes, resulting in a slight net increase to rent expense of approximately $1 million, which was offset by a decrease in amortization expense. Therefore, it did have a slight impact on our operating income growth for the quarter. We expect these geography changes to continue throughout the year.
Let's now turn to our guidance for fiscal 2019. At a high level our outlook reflects the confidence in the underlying strength of our business and the benefits from continued investments in our strategic priorities. As such, our guidance remains consistent with that provided on our last call. A couple of things to note, because there is still uncertainty around the impact of tariffs, we don't believe that this issue warrants have changed to our full year guidance at this point. As we've noted in the past, our exposure to Chinese goods, including directly and indirectly sourced products is approximately 5%. Therefore, we believe that we will be affected less than many of our competitors. Our plan is to mitigate any exposure as best we can while maintaining the value of that our members expect.
In terms of margin growth, our CPI program remains strong and we see a lot of opportunity ahead to continue to drive merchandise gross margins through CPI and private label penetration. We expect adjusted EBITDA growth in the second and third quarters to be above the year-over-year growth rate we saw in the first quarter. And we would anticipate Q4 adjusted EBITDA growth to be impacted by the significant benefit from disruption in the gasoline market in last year's Q4.
In closing, we remain optimistic about the long-term health of our business. We continue to invest in our transformation to drive future growth in sales and profitability. We look forward to delivering on our goals for fiscal 2019.
And now I'll turn the call back over to the operator to begin the Q&A question. Chris?
Questions and Answers:
Operator
Thank you. (Operator Instructions) Your first question comes from Robby Ohmes of Bank of America Merrill Lynch. Your line is open.
Robert Ohmes -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Hey, good morning guys. Couple of just actually I'll just ask two quick follow-up questions. The first on the SG&A, can you give a little more detail on the investments that you called out in the press release what -- was there some unusual things in SG&A that maybe don't recur? Did you accelerate any investments into this quarter to offset some of the benefit you might have gotten from the lower tax rate? And then the other question is, and I know you get this all the time, but the merchandise gross margin ex gas 130 basis points on a two-year is pretty incredible. And so I know why you always get asked -- I think a lot of us get asked how -- can you keep that going, how do we think about you anniversarying that next year? Thanks.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Hi Robby, thanks for the questions. Let me take them one at a time. The SG&A increase year-over-year reflects our continuing investments into the building against the strategic priorities that we've talked about and Chris highlighted in his prepared remarks today. They sort of cover the waterfront. Right, it starts with operations. We are no different than our competitors out there, where we are investing in buildings through labor, through training, to getting better folks behind our membership desk, for instance, and giving them all the tools to do their jobs in a more effective fashion.
We've talked to you all about investing behind membership and marketing, in terms of driving the higher tier renewal rates and higher tier membership program, driving our renewal rates. And then certainly digital is a big part of that as well as we look to grow our digitally enabled sales and make it more convenient to shop at BJ's. I would say those were the primary drivers of the SG&A growth and that will continue as we see results from those efforts.
As to the margin rate growth, I think you're absolutely right that it's pretty astounding over a long period of time. We've been able to grow margin rates over 100 basis points stacked in this quarter. Couple hundred -- little over a 200 basis points on a three-year stack, and you'll remember back to the story, we still think we're serving them the middle innings of this effort. Every category that we look at multiple times has continue to yield benefits the second, and now even third times we've looked at certain categories, and even the categories that aren't undergoing CPI reviews are getting margin rate growth as well. So the merchandising team is doing a great job applying the discipline learned and applied in the CPI process to the rest of the business as well.
Chris talked about in his prepared remarks, own brands as well, certainly the increasing penetration of own brands helps margin rate too and we can -- we see continued runway to do that. And as we've talked about on prior calls, the real, the next game here for us is changing the assortment, we talked about that a little bit and things like Baby and health and wellness, you'll see that go around our club in an orderly fashion. We want to make sure we do it as fast as we can. But as slow as it takes us to do it right, not make any mistakes, certainly reducing our assortment will allow us to drive volume into the remaining skews and use the space that's opened up to add additional categories that can be both sales and margin accretive for us and so, long story short, we are tremendously proud of the effort, we've put forward from our merchandise margin rate perspective and we see a whole lot more to come from that perspective.
Robert Ohmes -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
That's great. Thanks so much, Bob.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Thanks Robby.
Operator
Your next question comes from Chuck Grom of Gordon Haskett. Your line is open.
Charles Grom -- Gordon Haskett -- Analyst
Hey. Good morning guys. Nice quarter. Just curious how the stores saw a benefit from the Sam's closing did in the first quarter based on some of the data we have, we think there was about 16 or so that are within 20 miles of a Sam's Club. So just curious how they did this quarter?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Good morning Chuck, it's Chris. The direct answer to your question is those clubs performed in line with the overall comp expectations and we've got that question over time, quite a few times and we've tried to be really consistent. While there is going to be the short-term impact, the bigger idea for us is the long-term impact of our ability to serve the members in those communities well, and we're really encouraged by the reception we've got and expect those clubs to continue to grow, given the changing competitive landscape.
Charles Grom -- Gordon Haskett -- Analyst
Okay. It's good to hear. And then just a follow up on Rob's question just regards to the assortment changes in Baby and HBA, when you think about the box, where you think that the big opportunity lies within the ability to skew latter a little bit more. Any opportunities or you could just flush that out for us it would be great.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Sure. Chuck, I think the evidence on the -- on assortment transformation is really resident and general merchandise. Lee Delaney and his team have done a really terrific job over a long period of time, rounding our assortment decisions and more deep understanding of consumers and our members, and it is yielded the results. We've been doing pretty consistently mid single-digit or higher comps in GM that we feel really good about. The principles, we applied there are really important, it's grounded in our members and we've been very disciplined and arguably deliberate in executing those transformations and its yielded really good results.
The next place we're going is grocery. We've foreshadowed and then communicated very directly about what we've done in Baby, which is almost at full implementation stage. We've done changes to health and beauty and the next place to go is grocery. So we feel really good. And while it's not necessarily assortment related, we feel really proud of the progress we've made in perishables with produce units growing, and Jeff Desroches and his team have done a really nice job of upping our game in the clubs which I think you've noted in some of your reporting.
Charles Grom -- Gordon Haskett -- Analyst
That's great. Good luck, and thank you.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Chuck.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Thanks, Chuck.
Operator
Your next question comes from Edward Kelly of Wells Fargo. Your line is open.
Edward Kelly -- Wells Fargo -- Analyst
Yes. Hi guys, good morning. I wanted to ask about membership and I was hoping that you could provide maybe a bit more color on what you're seeing from a renewal rate perspective, new member acquisition perspective. And then you talked about it -- about half of the percentage gain in member revenue coming from new members, which -- it's hard to tell, but I think that's an acceleration from what you've had despite lapping the Sam's closures. Could you talk a bit about that and I'm not sure what that would look like at existing clubs. If you were to back up (ph)?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Ed. I think overall the 8% split, 4% and 4% is -- we characterize it is generally in line with previous quarters. And this is one place where if you step way back as we have tried to transform this company, the investments we've made in membership are encouraging and we have more to do, and the progress that we've made and what we've talked about is the -- we will speak to specific results when we hit major milestones and basically on an annual basis. So we reported at the end of last year that we had all-time membership level highs, which we've maintained and a high level of renewal rate, which is kind of a 300 basis point improvement over the past three years.
I think the news in this quarter is about premium memberships which were up, and frankly the credit card acceleration was materially higher than we expected. And it just speaks to the visceral reaction we get to the value proposition when we communicate the value associated with our credit card as clearly as we have. The credit card sign-ups with the POS investment we made a year ago are above 20%. We expect some very strong performance through the course of the year. So we feel good about where we are.
And as we think about the Sam, for my comments to Chuck, Ed, we don't think about the Sam's change as a short-term thing. We think about how can we invest into the business for the long-term and our communication to investors has been consistent -- we tried to be consistent in that regard and we feel good about where we are.
Edward Kelly -- Wells Fargo -- Analyst
Great. And just shifting from membership to getting members to spend more, can you maybe just give a little bit more color on sort of what's brewing in the pipeline from the perspective of driving comps. So I think you're testing prepared food offering. So maybe help there whereas apparel going from here. So many other initiatives that are kind of building in general merchandise and optical, how's that doing so far?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Sure. I think what you're seeing is the reality is those retailers out there who have worked hard to deliver what consumers want, when they want it, in the method in which they want it are starting to wind at an accelerated rate, and we're no different. So grounded in the learnings we've got from our general merchandise business, we feel good about our ability to continue to involve the assortment. I mean, a year ago, we were in a situation where we did -- our TV business wasn't that great. And we've made some investments over the course of the last year and we've consistently talked to investors about very strong comps. The learnings there about new assortment, new capabilities. So let me go one by one.
In produce, our operations capability is materially better than where we have been. We are using that capability to continue to operate the clubs more effectively and we're in the very early stages of testing in prepared foods. In our Grocery segment, we are using -- under Lee Delaney's leadership, who has done a wonderful job transforming our general merchandise business, those capabilities are starting to be applied to our Grocery business and we expect more progress there. Optical is one that candidly given our old model, we weren't serving our members well. And I don't mean to be that blunt, but I'm going to be that blunt. And as you think about the value proposition, the selection and the service we deliver to our members, it's materially better today than where it was a year ago. So we'll continue down that path. I have foreshadowed that we'll continue to invest in services because in the membership world we're living in today making the membership worth it is foundational to our ability to continue to grow and we expect to do just that.
Edward Kelly -- Wells Fargo -- Analyst
Great. Thank you.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Thanks Ed.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Thanks Ed.
Operator
Your next question comes from Peter Benedict of Baird. Your line is open.
Peter Benedict -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst
Hi guys. Thanks for taking the question. Just circling back quickly just on MFI, can you give us a sense for how much the fee increase added to the growth last year. And then just what your view is kind of for the full year this year as that starts to wane, I think it's probably fully cycled by the end of the year, but just curious at that perspective.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Hey, Peter. Works in a curve over the two-year period. Right, so we launched it and January of 2018 and it starts to build. So, Q1 was relatively little growth last year, it builds throughout last year and peaks right around the end of Q4 last year, and then so we retrace that throughout the course of this year. So that's kind of how I would think about it. It's pretty ratable on that basis, it's not really spiky at all. So by the time we get to the end of this year, you're sort of back to the core trends within the membership. How many members are we getting, who is renewing, what's the average dollar price of people signing up or renewing. You've got to sort of get back to that level after the two-year period. We should sort of premium tiers in there as well. Our success in getting into -- getting folks into our rewards tier and into the co-brand credit card program will influence that as well.
Peter Benedict -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst
Got it. So, that underlying rate, if you look at this quarter was roughly, call it 4%, not that that necessarily the way it's going to grow going forward. But that's, the way to think about that, is that right?
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
That's right.
Peter Benedict -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst
Okay, thanks. And then I recognize it's hard to forecast here this the tax benefit that you guys get from the stock option exercise, but can you remind us what's assumed for the year. I think your full-year tax rate is assumed around 25% and it was lower this quarter, but just trying to understand what's -- what we should be expecting from that over the balance of the year.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Yes. We -- you're absolutely right, we forecasted 25% when we issued our annual guidance. We did think that Q1 will be a little bit heavier based on how people were trading and when stock options vested and things. So we are expecting that to moderate as we go out through this year. You're completely correct that it's very, very hard to forecast this stuff, because you're trying to figure out individual team members' desires relative to their equity compensation, as well as what the markets doing to the stock price as well. So we took our best guess at it, we still think that's an OK guess at this point. And should that change, we will change that assumption as we go forward.
Peter Benedict -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst
Okay, that's fair. Last one maybe Chris, I don't know how far you want to go into this, but just on in-housing, the services portfolio, you've talked about the optical. Any -- can you give us a sense of maybe what might be on tap beyond that either later this year or anything for 2020. I know that's a big initiative for you guys.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Sure. Look, I think that -- Pete that's a great question. I think that foundational to how we've spoken to both this community of people and investors overall, we're pretty blunt in our assessment that our services portfolio needed improvement. And Lee and team have started with optical because we saw it as the biggest opportunities to serve our members better. And during the course of the year, you'll see us continue to get better adding doctors' offices, adding people, improving the assortment we have. So that's a multi-quarter journey for us that we're on a path of. That's point number one.
Point number two is the other place where we've tried to do is, think about our services through the lens of our digital assets. The digital assets we've used that provide the most compelling growth is our tire business where you can now sign-up online for tire changes. Why is that important? If you think about a big capital expense that could cost several hundred dollars, like the changing of the tires for the families, we have the good fortune to serve. The loyalty, we get out of saving money for multiple hundreds of dollars for a member when they change tires at our clubs is significant. So think of the renewal rate of a tire changer being higher than average member. So we'll continue to use digital to make the experience of changing tires more convenient.
Third is, as you think about overall the service we provide, I've foreshadowed on the convenience initiatives and we'll continue to do so in our digital portfolio. This is really early, but express pay has the potential to be a really compelling way to make the trip to the club more convenient, and we're very, very early in that regard. Lastly, I will tell you that as we look at travel, we're trying to make travel better. And we'll continue to work on that portfolio. But overall, our overarching strategy is to try to make money to buy providing great value to members and when we do that well lot of things take care of themselves.
Peter Benedict -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst
Okay. Great. Thanks so much guys.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Sure.
Operator
Your next question comes from Christopher Mandeville of Jefferies. Your line is open.
Christopher Mandeville -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Hey. Good morning. Chris, can we start off just talking about the comp guidance throughout the quarter. And if you're able to or willing to offer any color with respect to quarter-to-date trends?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Yes. We're not going to get into any of the specifics on -- other than reiterating full-year guidance overall. But overall the foundation of the comp cadance in the quarter was pretty good. The first quarter -- first month of the quarter was weaker given the EBT shift that we had discussed, and as that way waned we turned to pretty good shape. So, as most of the people on the call, not most, but a good chunk portion of people on the call live in the Northeast. So they know the help -- I'd characterize the weather is both cold and rainy. It has been, and we feel really good about our seasonal portfolio, and frankly, could have done even better with a little bit better weather, but frankly, the weather wasn't great, a year ago either. So we consider that about a wash. So we feel pretty good about our business going into the second quarter and we'll see where we end up.
Christopher Mandeville -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Okay. And then just maybe specifically on the perishables front. If you adjust for the SNAP impact and use a similar comp relative to 2018 results, it would still seem to suggest a modest deceleration on the two-year stack. So maybe you could just talk a little bit about what you're seeing there, give us a little sense of what inflation is looking like to really to pass that on and if you are able to break it out just what competition is looking like between the likes of Club and traditional grocery?
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Yes. Chris, I think the thing that we haven't talked about with respect to perishables is, we're still seeing a little bit of deflation in certain categories out there, primarily in eggs and dairy. It wasn't a huge amount of perishables deflation on that division as a whole and it was flat on the company as a whole, but certainly within perishables there's still some deflation in this particular category. So, when we look at the stacks and sort of equalize for all that stuff, we feel like that business is getting better over time. We've made great progress in produce as Chris just talked about with our ops transformation there, our units are up pretty significantly there and we'll continue to invest in that as those categories are incredibly important to maintaining the frequency and the value proposition that we show to our members every day.
Christopher Mandeville -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Just any color on the competitive front?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
On the competitive front, we feel that competitive environment was pretty balanced. I would characterize it as rational and consistent, both of which I think are important for us to -- or consider as we think about our business both today and going forward.
Christopher Mandeville -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Great. Thanks guys.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Thank you.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Thanks, Chris.
Operator
Your next question comes from Christopher Horvers of JP Morgan. Your line is open.
Christopher Horvers -- JP Morgan -- Analyst
Thanks. Good morning guys. A couple of follow-up questions on customer acquisition and retention. You became much more aggressive around customer acquisition in the late '17 and obviously with the waterfall that, that's something that one would think that, that's the key to the acceleration in comp as you look forward to the back half of the year. Can you talk about how sort of I don't know if you phrase in terms of like advertising efficiency or something like that, what does that look like? Have you -- has that improved since those efforts have started and you got smarter about the process. And as you think about renewal rates, in the past you've talked about 50% renewal rate in year one obviously according to a very, very strong level over time. Is that 50% -- have you seen any change around that 50% and can you provide any comment on sort of what the year-to-renewal rate looks like relative to year one versus the longer term?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Sure, you want to go back.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Yeah I mean -- Chris, I would say that the whole things starts of membership right. We got to get that right to get the rest of the business to run rate. So, Brian Poulliot and his team here have done a great job over the past couple of years, driving the key initiatives within that area of our business and we've talked about a number of those already, with driving the all time highs and membership count and renewal rates, the all-time highs in our credit card program like that Chris talked about in his prepared remarks, a lot of things going our way, that is really the result of a couple of underlying efforts.
One is, it's just to do more of what we were doing. So we've invested significantly behind the thought that our average member to average member lifetime value of the customer acquisition cost ratio is about 10 times. And so, we should be investing behind that significantly and that started a year or so ago. Not only are we doing more things where we're trying to do them in a smarter fashion,w e're trying to optimize them. So you take the story all the way back and so if everybody got the same promotional materials and we've talked to you all over time over getting more toward a segmented view and now -- then now a personalized view of promotions as we do that.
Brian's team is taking that to the next level in terms of acquisition. So, how can we better predict who is going to be a good member, who is going to renew, who's going to spend well, and trying to target acquisition spending toward that level that is in the extremely early days, but is kind of the next leg of the journey from that perspective. And so, we feel good about what we've done so far in this arena and good about what's on the horizon to come.
Christopher Horvers -- JP Morgan -- Analyst
And so I guess, just following on to that, have you seen any shift in the first year renewal rates and then again, any commentary on sort of how that first year renewal rate accretes higher to the overall company renewal rate?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Yes. I don't know that we've ever disclosed the first year renewal rate specifically. It's higher than the numbers that you cited. And I think that the news in this quarter Chris, Bob gave you the foundation strategically of how we approach lifetime value to CAC and investing in this part of our business significantly as we see it as the foundation of the company. But the one thing we've tried to speak to investors about is our focus on the more premium memberships, and the efficiency with which we have been able to yield benefit from our investments in that area have improved materially.
Let me give you a couple of really specific examples. We've talked about improving the quality of the talent we have in the clubs engaging with our members when they come in. That's helped us improve conversions, when we have people coming in for memberships. We have improved premium tier sign ups, pretty much across the board. And last year I foreshadowed an investment we were making to, where we had pre-qualified the member base and then made an investment in some software to allow them to sign-up and for credit cards in-lane and quite literally a couple of seconds. This quarter we -- we've given you some text around that by saying credit card sign-ups were above up over 20%, and we expect that number to be very strong during the course of the year.
Finally, as the company has attempted to transform itself or starting to talk to more effectively lapse members, who can come back into the portfolio, which we think is a good thing for our company over time. So those are the levers we're pulling. We tried to be consistent in that regard and we feel good about where we are and we have a lot more work to do.
Christopher Horvers -- JP Morgan -- Analyst
Helpful. Thanks very much. Good luck.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Chris.
Operator
Your next question comes from Simeon Gutman of Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.
Simeon Gutman -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Hey. Good morning. Hey Chris, hey Bob. I have a -- my question is on, if you just take the merchandise comp this quarter. I think 1.9% have -- do we know have you shared with us or how should we think about the percentage of the contribution that is coming from existing members versus new members. Is it like a 90-10 and just how does that compare sequentially. Are you seeing any changes in that?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
We haven't talked specifically about that kind of a split. And we feel good about where we are, because this is really no major change in the flow. I think you think about some of the answers to the questions we had earlier about the 4% new member growth, 4% pricing and the 8% MFI growth. That -- the way to think about it Simeon is that a new member matures over a, basically a three-year period. And what we have gotten better at is communicating to them more efficiently, more frequently and more effectively, and we're starting to make some progress in more personally. So this maturing -- one of the reasons that we talk about membership and credit card is we're trying to communicate to investors how much we're investing in the long term of the company, and certainly there's going to be stuff that goes on quarter-to-quarter. But as you think about foundationally, higher levels of membership, higher renewal rates and a material acceleration in premium memberships and credit card sign-ups, you start to see a future that we're making a little bit of progress, but we are humbled by the fact that we have a lot more to do.
Simeon Gutman -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Yes. I guess maybe I'll ask it a different way. Spend per member like on the same-store member basis is improving I presume, and you're seeing that waterfall of a benefit from new members as those initiatives that you just mentioned are pointing up?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Yes.
Simeon Gutman -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Okay. And then, I think you also said the traffic was a bigger or the big driver of the 1.9% merch comp, if I'm not mistaken, is that -- was that -- is that correct?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
That is correct.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
That's correct.
Stephen McManus -- Nomura Instinet -- Analyst
And is that -- if you look at the number of trips per member, is that going up or is this the new members also just I guess another way to think about the split to traffic or is it the newer members now entering into the comp base through traffic?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
It's a little bit of both. We feel good about our traffic. Our traffic trends have been really solid over time which is really encouraging.
Simeon Gutman -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Great. Okay. Thanks guys.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Thank you.
Operator
Your next question comes from Michael Montani of Evercore ISI. Your line is open.
Michael Montani -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst
Hey, guys. Good morning and thanks for taking the question. Just wanted to ask about renewal rates. Obviously there's about a 300 bps plus deficit versus Costco and yet you all have been doing a lot of great work there. Obviously, it's up 300 bps last few years. Can you just talk about, is there any structural impediments that would prevent you from reaching that level? And then if that's not the case, how should we conceptualize things like auto renewal, where is that and then some of the other initiatives you have to try to close that gap?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Yes. There is no structural reason why we can't continue to make progress. What we've talked about is you'll continue to see the impact of the higher priced membership flow through the back half of this year as we report renewal rate on a lag basis, but we expect to hold renewal rate overall to the levels that we communicated at the end of last year, which is an all-time high for the company and up 300 basis points over the last two years or so.
Point number one.
But, and over time as we continue to deliver value to members, we expect to continue to improve renewal rates. Renewal is a little more than half of the member base, we launched that program in 2014. 2017 we changed that to an opt-out versus an opt-in program and that's a little -- as I said, a little more than half of our member base, and the reason I continue to point to the credit card proposition as we've speak -- we've communicated to investors on more than one occasion that our credit card members tend to be our highest spending most loyal and they tend to renew at kind of -- think about it as high '90s on a percentage basis. So we have talked about that number multiple times. So we feel good about our ability to make progress.
But look, we have competitors that are really good at what they do and it's humbling. Having said all of that, you're talking about a company that over the last three years and a pretty challenging external environment has grown earnings by 60% flip to negative comp to a positive and quadrupled cash flow, as it continues to invest in what is the long-term proposition that is it can create value for both our employees and members and shareholders. So we're going to continue down that path and membership is the primary place we're focused.
Michael Montani -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst
Great. And then if I could just follow-up, obviously, you mentioned the benefit of having the credit card members and the premium tier members. Is there any update you can share with us in terms of penetration rates there and or a way to quantify just how important it is in terms of their regular spend per year versus an average member, let's say?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
So, at the end of last year we talked about, we had premium memberships represented about 23.8% of our membership base. I think everybody will probably recall that number we've talked about that, that number is now above 25% and we feel good about that. Those members are certainly more loyal and spend more and we feel pretty good about that.
One of the things I've tried to point to is the relative importance of gas value and linking back this whole idea of frequency and top of mind awareness to our fuel proposition. The reality, I've got a lot of experience in the fuel business. People are generally irrational in terms of what they will do to get better value on fuel, because the price is so transparent. Our value proposition is very, very strong in fuel, it gets even better when you own a credit card. And as a result, you've heard us talk about as fuel prices have risen, we're starting to make significant progress in market share in fuel, and we feel good about that in terms of how it drives loyalty overtime.
Michael Montani -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst
Great. Thanks and good luck.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Thank you.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Thanks, Mike.
Operator
Your next question comes from Simeon Siegel of Nomura Instinet. Your line is open.
Stephen McManus -- Nomura Instinet -- Analyst
Hey, good morning guys, it's Steve McManus on for Simeon. Thanks for taking our questions. On the topic of tariffs, I think last quarter you guys called out $2 million to $3 million headwind to merge profit. Was there a similar impact this quarter and maybe how should we think about that for the balance of the year?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Let me take that one at a high level. I'll ask Bob to comment on specifics. At a high level, I think this, from an investor perspective, the reality is that our exposure will be generally lower than many of our competitors. We've talked about 5% of our business is exposed to Chinese imports and or component parts. So it's given our multi-category portfolio of businesses we're probably a little bit less exposed. Ultimately what we're most concerned about is the impact of these may have on our -- on the members we serve, as ultimately given the magnitude of the tariffs, consumers will likely pay for the tariffs over time. We think we've got a balanced approach, and there's no need to change any guidance as a result of what we've heard so far. And I'll ask Bob to comment on the financial impact to the degree he wants to add something to that.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Hey, Steve. I think I would echo everything Chris just said. Certainly you're correct that we told in Q4 it was a $200 million headwind. It wasn't a particularly big headwind here in Q4 -- sorry Q1, and we will continue to watch the issue, and we feel like it warrants an update to our guidance we'll issue that one when we feel like but right now it's sort of many uncertainties to really think about that and if past is prologue, it won't be that big of a deal for us and we'll manage through. We'll pull over -- possible to make this work for our members, we think that's our job.
Stephen McManus -- Nomura Instinet -- Analyst
And then maybe just to squeeze in a follow-up. Can you guys give us an update on what you've been seeing with respect to wages, any wage pressure and maybe comment on freight a little bit?
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Sure. So like many of our competitors, we continue to see wage pressure. We look at it on a store-by-store and market-by-market basis to make sure that we have the right team members to serve our members every day. And so certainly that's been a cost pressure, has not been any more of a cost pressure in Q1 than we had -- than we had planned for, and I think you're probably remember that we talked about on our last call that we had pulled forward some investments from a wage perspective into Q4. So we had some good visibility to what that was going to cost us in Q1. Not a big, difference there.
The freight market, I would say, similar thing it was not a big headwind for us, maybe getting a touch easier out there, but certainly, we continue to watch that market as well. And we'll talk to you in the past about the fact that we have a captive great carrier for us they've been a great partner over time, and we can manage our freight cost exposure, a little bit differently. And the fact that we carry with spot in the industry has good freight it's palletized, it's easy to load and unload. We used techniques like drop and hook that allow the carriers to do it in a much more efficient fashion than some others out there and so it hasn't been a big headwind in the past and we don't anticipate it being a big headwind going forward.
Stephen McManus -- Nomura Instinet -- Analyst
Great. Thanks guys. Best of luck.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Thank you.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Thank you, Steve.
Operator
Your next question comes from Rupesh Parikh of Oppenheimer. Your line is open.
Rupesh Parikh -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst
Good morning. Thanks for fitting me in. I had two quick questions. So on the gas margins were they favorable or unfavorable versus last year?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
They were about flat to last year a peso. So certainly, we ended the last year in a little bit of a flourish given the market dislocation, the market more or less got back to normal during Q1. It was flattish, it was maybe slightly down, but nothing to really think about from that perspective and we see it staying that way for a little bit, we never quite know what the gas market...
Rupesh Parikh -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst
Yes. Okay, great. And then on the interest expense particularly you guys have been able to lower your borrowing cost in recent quarters. Now we've seen the rates go down in the markets. So just curious if you see now the opportunity to potentially lower your interest expense going forward?
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Yes. I think that's a great question. We're certainly watching the market and watching how our loans are trading within the market. I do think, as we continue to delever, we'll certainly have that opportunity. The market may provide us an opportunity to do so regardless of any future deleverage. So, we'll keep a close eye on it, and hopefully we can take advantage of some favorable conditions and get that done.
Rupesh Parikh -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst
Okay. Great. Thank you.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Thank you.
Operator
Your next question comes from Mike Baker of Deutsche Bank. Your line is open.
Michael Baker -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Thanks. I'll be quick here. A couple follow-ups. One, so you're not changing the guidance on tariff, just to be clear, is that because, so tariffs have gone from 10% to 25%. You're not changing the guidance is that because it's too small to matter or you're just not sure what the impact will be?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
I would never characterize the 25% tariff as too small to matter, Mike. But I think we can manage it at this point based on what we know today. This is such a dynamic subject. We are relatively less exposed given our multi-category business and the large fresh business we have. So we feel pretty good about our ability to deal with it. I also think that American consumers are going to ultimately pay at these levels of tariffs. So let's see where it all plays out, but I think we're in good shape at this point. I would never say those tariffs would be too small to matter. So -- but I think we can manage it.
Michael Baker -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Okay, thanks for that color. And then, sorry to play weatherman, as I look out my window here in Boston is getting nice here, but it has been pretty bad weather in April and the first part of May. Should we expect sort of pickup in demand from seasonal product as we go through May and through the second quarter. And I know there is a pent-up demand. And then one clarifying question, at one point you said weather was a negative and it was offset by the Stop & Shop strike. But then in another point you said weather was a wash. I just wanted to square those two comments. Thanks.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Mike think about weather versus on average year, this spring stock. It just so happens the last spring stock too and so on a year-over-year basis, it wasn't a huge difference, and that difference was offset by what happened at one of our local competitors here versus a normal year at stock. So I would say that there is some hope that we can delever better from our seasonal category, certainly we have a lot of great product out there and as we look at our window here, we see the same thing you do. It's nice to finally see the sun and I do think people are ready to get outside and take advantage of what we have to offer.
Michael Baker -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Makes perfect sense. Thanks for the color.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Thanks, Mike.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Take one more.
Operator
Today's final question comes from Chuck Cerankosky of Northcoast Research. Your line is open.
Charles Cerankosky -- Northcoast Research -- Analyst
Good morning everyone. Yes, I just wanted to talk about a couple of the categories you wanted to work on over the next year, so that more hard goods categories are oriented toward tools, hardware, sporting goods, what's happening there over the past quarter and how do you see it proceeding over the rest of fiscal 2019?
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Yes. Overall, we feel very good about our general merchandise business and it's a little bit to Mike Baker's question just a minute ago. With GM comps we have stacked seven, we feel pretty good about our seasonal business despite some of the crummy weather, but we are crummy whether a year ago too. But as you think about the consumer work that Lee and his team have done to enter new categories, it's grounded in the right work and we feel good about each one of those, probably the upcoming news will be a little bit more in sporting goods as we work our way through the summer. And we feel good about the continued evolution in TVs and the foundational work we've done over the last year, as well as apparel where we're continuing to add space and we feel good about that as well. So we feel good about new categories overall.
Charles Cerankosky -- Northcoast Research -- Analyst
All right. Thank you.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Thank you.
Operator
That concludes our Q&A session for today. I will now return the call to our presenters.
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Thank you all very much and we'll see you on the road over the next couple of weeks. I appreciate your time.
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Thanks everybody.
Operator
This concludes today's conference call. You may now disconnect.
Duration: 64 minutes
Call participants:
Faten Freiha -- Vice President, Investor Relations
Christopher J. Baldwin -- Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
Robert W. Eddy -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer
Robert Ohmes -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Charles Grom -- Gordon Haskett -- Analyst
Edward Kelly -- Wells Fargo -- Analyst
Peter Benedict -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst
Christopher Mandeville -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Christopher Horvers -- JP Morgan -- Analyst
Simeon Gutman -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Stephen McManus -- Nomura Instinet -- Analyst
Michael Montani -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst
Rupesh Parikh -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst
Michael Baker -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Charles Cerankosky -- Northcoast Research -- Analyst
