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Alcoa Corporation (AA)
Q4Â 2019 Earnings Call
Jan 15, 2020, 5:00 p.m. ET
Contents:
- Prepared Remarks
- Questions and Answers
- Call Participants
Prepared Remarks:
Operator
Good afternoon and welcome to the Alcoa Corporation Fourth Quarter and Full-Year 2019 Earnings Presentation and Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Please note this event is being recorded.
I would now like to turn the conference over to Mr. James Dwyer, Vice President of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.
James Dwyer -- Vice President of Investor Relations
Thank you, Sean, and good day, everyone. I'm joined today by Roy Harvey, Alcoa Corporation President and Chief Executive Officer; and William Oplinger, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. We will take your questions after comments by Roy and Bill.
As a reminder, today's discussion will contain forward-looking statements relating to future events and expectations that are subject to various assumptions and caveats. Factors that may cause the Company's actual results to differ materially from these statements are included in today's presentation and in our SEC filings.
In addition, we have included some non-GAAP financial measures in this presentation. Reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures can be found in the appendix to today's presentation. Any reference in our discussion today to EBITDA means adjusted EBITDA.
Also, a note on our financial statements. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company changed its accounting method for valuing certain inventories from LIFO to average cost. The effects of the change in accounting principle have been retrospectively applied to all prior periods presented.
Finally, as previously announced, the earnings release and slide presentation are available on our website.
With that, here is Roy.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you, Jim, and thanks to everyone for joining us today. We've got a lot to discuss. So let's start with a quick overview of the fourth quarter results. For the quarter, we reported a net loss of $303 million, or $1.63 per share. This includes charges associated with the closure of our Point Comfort refinery in Texas, which had been fully curtailed since 2016. And it includes the cost of additional actions we've taken to manage liabilities associated with pensions and other post-employment benefits. Excluding special items, we reported an adjusted net loss of $57 million, or $0.31 per share. On an adjusted EBITDA basis, excluding special items, we generated $346 million.
Lastly, we closed the fourth quarter with $879 million in cash. The second sequential quarterly increase in our cash balance.
Now, as we prepare to close out 2019, let's review some of the actions we've taken and how our priorities are guiding us to make additional improvements. Last quarter, we've refreshed our Company's three strategic priorities. First, we are focused on being a low-cost producer, which means reducing complexity to better compete through all parts of the cycle in our commodity markets. Second, we intend to improve our margins and invest wisely to drive returns. And finally, we are working to advance sustainably, which includes actions toward a strengthened balance sheet, a cycle-proof portfolio and an enhanced reputation for environmental and social excellence. We've made quick progress last quarter with these refreshed priorities and more will be done in the quarters ahead to reinforce Alcoa's competitiveness. We have moved with speed to further reduce overhead with a new leaner operating model. We are working to generate additional cash from the sales of non-core assets, and we have started a comprehensive review of our current portfolio to improve long-term profitability.
Turning to our fourth quarter business update. Most importantly, we had no serious injuries in the quarter. We also continued our strong operational performance with new quarterly production records from our bauxite mine in Juruti and our Wagerup refinery. In the fourth quarter, we also completed a modernized labor agreement in Australia, covering more than half of our unionized employees there. We also became members of the International Council of Mining and Metals, known as ICMM, which is dedicated to improving the sustainable development performance in the industry. We are working with ICMM to develop a global standard for the safe management of tailings dams and we're honored to be part of this very important effort.
Also, in December, our joint venture, ELYSIS, shipped to Apple aluminum produced with a new carbon-free smelting process. Alcoa invented this technology, which eliminates all direct greenhouse gas emissions. Instead, this breakthrough process produces pure oxygen. As an early investor, Apple asked to purchase the first commercial batch of aluminum produced with this new process, while ELYSIS works to scale up this technology so it can be licensed in 2024. In a world becoming more and more focused on sustainability, this technology has the potential to transform the conventional process used to produce aluminum.
Now, let's turn to the full-year 2019. In addition to closing another fatality-free year, our 2019 accomplishments span across our business in throughout the year. We drove improved stability in our operations and set annual production records for both our bauxite and alumina portfolios. We've reached several new modernized labor agreements with the Australian Workers Union in November and with unions in the United States and Canada earlier in the year. Taken together, these contracts cover almost 70% of the unionized employees in these three countries. Importantly, they incorporate provisions that will allow our plants to better compete. The multi-year agreements feature improved salaried union collaboration and efficient work practices.
In the US, we've reached a four-year master agreement that covers approximately 1,600 active employees at five locations. In Canada, we've reached agreements with the two separate unions that represent 100% of our unionized employees in that country. First, at Baie Comeau, we secured a six-year agreement that covers about 600 employees. Next, after an 18-month lockout, we reached a six-year agreement at the Becancour smelter that was ratified on July 2. Today, the smelter's restart is progressing well under that new labor contract and is on schedule for completion in the second quarter. All employees eligible for recall are now back to work.
Also, last year, we completed the divestiture of the historically unprofitable Aviles and La Coruna smelters in Spain after reaching an agreement with the workers' representatives at these two facilities. In November, we also implemented our new operating model for a leaner company, which will provide annual savings beginning in the second quarter of this year.
Finally, in our markets, 2019 ended in a global deficit for aluminum and surpluses in bauxite and alumina. We see slight surpluses ahead in 2020 for bauxite and alumina and a balanced market for aluminum. We'll discuss more on the markets and these other topics after Bill provides a detailed review of the results.
So with that, I'll turn it over to Bill.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Roy. Reviewing our income statement, revenues were down $131 million, or 5% sequentially, due to lower realized prices for alumina and aluminum, partially offset by improved volumes. Year-over-year revenues declined $908 million, compared to the fourth quarter of 2018, again on lower alumina and aluminum prices.
In the quarter, restructuring charges drove the net loss attributable to Alcoa Corporation of $303 million, or $1.63 per share on a 185.6 million average shares for the quarter.
Special items in the fourth quarter totaled $246 million after tax and non-controlling interests. The key components this quarter were the $274 million charge related to the closing of our Point Comfort, Texas alumina refinery, $75 million related to pension and OPEB changes and $23 million of Becancour restart costs, partially offset by non-controlling interest and favorable interim tax impacts.
Now, let's look at the income statement excluding special items. Our fourth quarter adjusted net loss excluding special items was $57 million, or $0.31 per share. Adjusted EBITDA excluding special items was $346 million. Our fourth quarter EBITDA margin was 14.2%.
The full-year operational tax rate ended the year at 67.9%. The higher annual rate required true-up of prior periods in the fourth quarter adding $28 million to the expense or $0.15 per share and brought the operational rate for the quarter to 99.5%.
Let's look closer at factors driving adjusted EBITDA. This quarter lower raw materials costs, partially offset the impact of lower alumina and aluminum prices. Lower market prices for alumina and aluminum drove adjusted EBITDA down $77 million and $23 million, respectively. Taken together, all other impacts improved $58 million sequentially, partially offsetting the price impact. Raw material costs, primarily for carbon at the smelters and cost to get the refineries continued their improvement, but were partially offset by higher production costs at mines and smelters.
Inter-segment eliminations drove the change in other category, as lower alumina prices, changes in refinery cost structures and lower alumina inventories released profit held in inventory.
Now, let's move to the segments. In the segments, bauxite adjusted EBITDA continued near its record high level at 42% EBITDA margin. Alumina adjusted EBITDA declined $90 million on lower sales prices. Aluminum adjusted EBITDA improved $32 million sequentially on better alumina costs, partially offset by lower aluminum prices and lower value-added product premiums. Non-segment impacts contributed $6 million, $18 million better than last quarter. Inter-segment eliminations were favorable $15 million and other corporate costs improved $3 million.
Turning to cash. In the fourth quarter, we ended the year with cash of $879 million, up $38 million sequentially. Year-over-year, cash declined $234 million. A quick review of our major cash sources and uses for 2019. Our total cash sources were $2 billion, consisting of $1.7 billion in adjusted EBITDA and approximately $300 million sourced from changes in working capital. The largest outflows of cash were tax payments, including $351 million in payments of prior year income tax, net distributions to our joint venture minority interest partner of $421 million, $379 million of capital expenditures, as well as $240 million of required pension and post-employment benefits funding made an addition to the $52 million related expenses with an adjusted EBITDA. Outflows also included $220 million in restructuring payments, primarily the Saudi rolling mill and Spanish smelter divestitures.
Now, let's take a look at the balance sheet. Our balance sheet remains strong and reflects solid management in 2019. Our fourth quarter, days working capital was 27 days, down three days sequentially and even with last year's fourth quarter. We controlled total capital spending to $379 million, a level $20 million lower than in 2018. Our key balance sheet metric proportional adjusted net debt increased $135 million from last year, primarily due to a lower cash ending balance.
At year-end, our consolidated pension and OPEB net liability rounded up to $2.4 billion, up only $40 million year-over-year in spite of lower discount rates increasing the net liability by approximately $600 million. Global pension asset returns were approximately 17% and actions taken to manage the pension and OPEB liabilities offset the increase related to the discount rate.
Now, let's move to our outlook for 2020. First, let's look at the income statement impacts. We expect shipments to increase year-over-year in all three product segments as existing facilities creep production in bauxite and alumina. And in Aluminum, our Becancour restart ramps up. With the divestiture of the Afobaka hydroelectric dam in Suriname and the Gum Springs, Arkansas treatment facility and the closure of the Point Comfort refinery, we expect transformation EBITDA to be negative by approximately $85 million, compared to negative $7 million in 2019. The majority of that impact is from the divestiture of the Suriname dam. Part of the positive impact of our new operating model and overhead cost reductions can be seen in lower other corporate impacts, expected to improve by roughly $13 million. The remainder of the impact we expect to see in the operating segments starting in the second quarter.
DD&A expenses also has made it to improve and we expect interest expense and our operational tax rate to be similar to 2019 levels although market conditions can greatly impact the tax rate.
For cash flow impacts, minimum required pension and OPEB funding is planned to increase roughly $100 million as historical pension asset return shortfalls are funded. Sustaining capital expenditures are expected to increase to approximately $400 million. The key reasons for the increase are mine moves, Willowdale mine in Australia will move major infrastructure several miles to a new reserve area, an elaborate process that occurs there roughly every 25 years. We are also starting a mine move at Juruti in Brazil, expected to be complete in 2021. We will target return-seeking capital at $75 million. Prior period tax payments are expected to be roughly $300 million or lower in 2020 as alumina prices were lower in 2019 and large prior-year tax true-ups are not expected. We expect Environmental and ARO payments to increase to approximately $150 million, reflecting the impact of the Point Comfort closure.
As usual, in the appendix, we also listed additional considerations expected for the first quarter. They include bauxite adjusted EBITDA to be down approximately $35 million on lower sales prices, and seasonal maintenance outages. In alumina, we expect a $5 million sequential benefit from the Point Comfort closure, while improvements from lower bauxite, energy and raw material costs will offset the unfavorable mix of sales contracts and impacts of scheduled maintenance overhauls.
In the Aluminum segment, approximately $10 million benefit from lower alumina costs compared to the fourth quarter. Benefits from the Becancour restart and lower raw material costs are expected to be more than offset by higher energy costs in Europe, lower shipments of rolled products and price and mix impacts in North America, yielding an expected $5 million to $10 million sequential negative impact.
Also, in the second half of the year, we expect to see the impact of the higher cost natural gas contracts for our Western Australia refineries that we announced in 2015 and 2018. These contracts cover 90% of Western Australia requirements and begin in the second half of 2020. In 2015 and 2016, we made $500 million in cash pre-payments related to the 2015 contracts. And net of those prepayments we expect 2020 cash payments for WA gas will increase our total Australian refining cash costs 2.5% or $50 million compared to 2019.
So with that, I'll turn it back to you, Roy.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Bill. As we start the new year, I'd like to recap our final view of the 2019 markets and provide new estimates for 2020. In bauxite, the market ended the year with a smaller surplus than we estimated in the prior quarter. Decreased supply from Guinea, largely due to rainy season supply chain disruptions in the second half of the year is the primary reason for the lower surplus. For 2020, we expect the market to be in a similarly sized surplus with increased supply from Guinea and Australia, serving demand in China, where we project bauxite imports will increase by close to 20 million tons year-on-year. Chinese refiners continue to build strategic stockpiles to mitigate their supply chain risks.
In alumina, the year also finished with a smaller market surplus than we estimated previously. This revision is due primarily to some delays in Chinese refinery restarts and expansion. In 2020, we expect a roughly balanced market globally. Increased demand from Chinese smelters is expected to outpace alumina supply increases. As such, we expect China to remain a net importer of alumina in 2020 bringing in tons from the rest of the world surplus to meet its deficit.
Finally, in the aluminum market, we maintain our estimate of a full-year deficit for 2019. In 2020, we expect the global market will turn to surplus, driven by additional supply from smelter expansions and restarts more than offsetting modest global demand growth. We expect that China will continue to be a market -- a surplus market and in the world, ex-China, we expect a balanced to slightly surplus market. Last year, we lowered our expectation for 2019 world ex-China global aluminum demand growth, primarily due to trade tensions, lower trade volumes and declining growth in manufacturing activity, most notably in Europe and North America. For 2020, however, we are anticipating a rebound in demand growth in both world ex-China and in China. We expect to see a recovery in key aluminum end-use sectors, including such important markets as the European transport sector and the construction and transportation sectors in China.
In summary, while 2019's economic conditions posed real challenges to the aluminum market, we are cautiously optimistic about 2020 from a return to demand growth.
Now, let's transition from the current state of our global markets to medium to long-term market trends and connect these developments to the strategic programs we announced in October. In Bauxite, China's appetite for imports is likely to continue unabated with its imports projected to double between 2018 and 2025, due to the continued depletion of its own domestic supply. China is also strategically stockpiling Bauxite, due to concerns about supply chain risks. Meanwhile, Alcoa has ownership in seven Bauxite mines globally with a first quartile cost position. These assets are strategically located to supply our own top tier alumina refining system and serve the third-party market.
As Bill mentioned, we are increasing capex this year to fund additional mine moves, which sustained our cost position and provides continued access to our long-lived Bauxite reserves. We can provide high quality Bauxite for both our own internal refining system and to global customers, which we see as a competitive advantage.
In alumina, Chinese refineries will continue to face higher costs for Bauxite relative to world ex-China refineries, due to the higher costs associated with importing seaborne Bauxite. This two illustrates the advantage of the low cost position of our refining system, which is fully served by our own Bauxite mines and have a low cost and highly dependable supply chain. Looking forward, the complexity in China's Bauxite supply will support steepness in the global cost curve.
Alumina is notoriously difficult and costly to inventory, which tends to keep supply and demand closely linked to a market efficient and transparent pricing mechanism. And the management of Bauxite residue is complex and Alcoa has developed and deployed market leading and cost efficient best practices, and that gives Alcoa another competitive advantage in this attractive market for our company.
Finally in aluminum, Chinese overcapacity continues to challenge the global market in the form of increased exports of semi fabricated products or semis. Chinese net semis exports are projected to increase from just under 3 million tons in 2018 to over 4 million tons in 2025. The excess supply of Chinese semis will be exported to the world ex-China effectively displacing primary aluminum in those markets. This trend of growing Chinese exports competing with aluminum produced outside of China is nothing new.
In fact over the past five years, Chinese exports of aluminum semis and finished products have captured more of the ex-China total aluminum consumption growth than ex-China smelters did. This growth has been fueled by China's unfair subsidies, which were detailed in last year's report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development or the OECD. The report clearly demonstrates that non-market forces, including financial subsidies and the value-added tax rebates have contributed to increases in aluminum smelting capacities and incentivized Chinese exports of semis with negative impacts across the value chain. As a Company, we support free trade, but it needs to be fair, that's why we are encouraged by yesterday's agreement by the trade ministers for United States, the European Union in Japan to strengthen existing World Trade Organization rules on industrial subsidies, which would include aluminum. This is a positive sign in our continued call for governments to address unfairly subsidized overcapacity in China and to ensure a level playing field.
While the rise of Chinese exports resulting from subsidies has become the single most important issue facing the aluminum industry, we are not waiting for government action or policy changes to transform our business. We are evaluating our portfolio to ensure that our locations are sustainable financially and environmentally.
As I said earlier today, our strategic priorities will guide us to improved competitiveness with low cost operations. At the end of our portfolio review, we expect, not only to have an improved cost position, but also to lead in a world becoming even more focused on sustainably produced products. In aluminum, we currently hold a high second quartile position on the cost curve, and once we complete the capacity review, we expect to enter the first quartile.
From an environmental perspective, we expect that our smelting portfolio's carbon dioxide intensity will improve almost 50% due to the changes that we make as part of the portfolio review. Today, we're already one of the lowest per ton emitters of carbon dioxide among global producers and approximately 70% of our metal is produced with renewable energy. And once we progressed through our portfolio review, we expect to be the lowest carbon emitter with 85% of our metal produced with renewable energy. We believe that this environmental footprint strengthened by our continued portfolio actions will provide a true advantage in a world focused on sustainability.
Now, let's spend a bit more time discussing our most recent actions to improve. First, at the top left of the chart, our new operating model took effect in the fourth quarter beginning in November. It is expected to result in annual savings of $60 million in operating costs beginning in the second quarter. We have eliminated our prior business unit structure and consolidated our sales procurement and other commercial capabilities. Importantly, we are bringing our operations closer to our management team, enabling faster decisions. Also, we are making quick progress in our plan to generate between $500 million and $1 billion in cash through the sale of non-core assets over the next 12 months to 18 months. A few weeks ago, we announced an agreement to sell our Gum Springs waste processing facility. While the team there expanded the scope of services, this facility can provide, it is not a core function at Alcoa, so we have agreed to sell the location to a global environmental firm in a transaction valued at $250 million. We will receive $200 million when the transaction closes this quarter, and another $50 million upon the satisfaction of post-closing conditions. The additional cash we generate from the sale of non-core assets will assist us in our work to reshape our existing portfolio.
As part of that multi-year portfolio review, we made the decision last month to permanently close the Point Comfort alumina refinery in Texas, which has been fully curtailed since 2016. This is the first action in a five-year review process, which is focused on 4 million metric tons of global refining capacity, or 27% of our current portfolio, and 1.5 million metric tons of smelting, or approximately 50% of that segment's capacity.
Finally, we marked an important milestone in Suriname, where we successfully completed the transfer of the Afobaka hydroelectric dam to the government effective December 31, 2019. This happened in accordance with closure agreements approved earlier in the year by Suriname's parliament. While the transfer of the dam ends an important chapter in our history in the country, we will remain to work on remediation of the sites for years to come.
In closing, Alcoa has made significant progress since we launched as an independent company in 2016. We've resolved numerous legacy items and strengthened our balance sheet by managing our liabilities and eliminating high-cost unprofitable capacity from our portfolio. There is still much work to do, and our strategic priorities will continue to guide us as will our values. We are focused on being low-cost, which means that we will consistently work to reduce complexity, so we can better compete in a global cyclical commodity industry. We will be margin focused. With our new operating model, we are streamlining our operations and we'll work to further improve our productivity across Alcoa, so we can drive returns across the value chain.
And finally, we aim to advance sustainably, capturing both financial and sustainability improvement that deliver value for Alcoa's stockholders. We have a clear roadmap for success, and we are determined to progress no matter where we find ourselves in the commodity cycle.
And with that, Bill and I are ready to take your questions.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
Thank you. We will now begin the question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] Our first question today will come from Curt Woodworth with Credit Suisse. Please go ahead.
Curt Woodworth -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst
Yeah, thanks. Good evening.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Hi, Curt.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Hey, Curt.
Curt Woodworth -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst
Hey. So first one for you, Bill, could you just kind of walk through some of the cash restructuring items this year between Point Comfort, the corporate restructuring, as well as any kind of cash start-up costs from Becancour to try to get a little bit of feel for what is normalized? And then you talked about transformation being $85 million this year, how much of that would be non-recurring as well or what's kind of in that number? It's my first question.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. So, if you look at the page that has the sources and uses of cash. And on that I think we talked about $200 million of cash outflow associated with kind of restructuring items. The big numbers there are really two things: one is, the modern rolling mill divestiture in total, that was $100 million in the second quarter. The -- in addition to that, the exit of the Spanish smelters. The combination of the curtailment, the layoffs and then the subsequent divestiture to partner adds about $70 million. And then the rest is various restructuring activities. So about $200 million there. We've not disclosed how much -- I guess, we have -- I'm sorry, in the second half of this year -- I'm sorry in 2019, we expended $25 million on an after-tax basis in Becancour for the restart. So that's included in those numbers also. So those are the big items.
When you then go to transformation. Transformation, as you know, is approximately 22 sites around the world, where we manage the closure and curtailment of those sites. The big swing between 2019 and 2020 is that, in 2019, we had the Afobaka dams that was producing revenues for our Suriname facility. We have subsequently handed that dam back to the Government of Suriname. And so, we won't have that. So, approximately $50 million of that difference between $7 million and $85 million is the impact from the Afobaka dam. In addition to that, we are now starting to spend money on Point Comfort. And so, as we take point comfort into closure, we will spend money and so that's the biggest driver in addition to the Afobaka dam that bridges that difference in '19 and '20. So we have given you enough color there to help you out.
Curt Woodworth -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst
Yes, that helps. That helps a lot. And then I guess, second question, just with respect to the market. Entering the year, I think you had a forecast of 4%, 4.5% growth in China, and came out to 1% which is a pretty meaningful downward revision and we're all well aware that they have plenty of the excess capacity, maybe not totally clear with the cost curve for that looks like. But when you kind of look at what happened in China this year you had pretty dramatic inventory reduction, semis exports despite the worsening overcapacity situation arguably was flat and semis exports is actually down 14% in the fourth quarter and up until a couple days ago the shift prices that 16-month high.
So now you're kind of looking at this year forecasting a pretty sharp reacceleration in global demand, yet the supply seems to overwhelm that. And I guess, do you think -- it seems like you still are very concerned on the China semis piece, but maybe if you could kind of walk through how you think it could affect price and sort of the China piece would be helpful. Because it seems like what you would have thought would have transpired in '19 certainly did not in terms of the pressure on the external market?
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yes, Curt, so let me try and hit a couple of pieces in that and make sure -- and we can make sure I'm answering your question. So, I mean from the perspective of semis, where -- when I look at that one of the concerns that I have is that essentially as you see the -- as you see these semis grow coming from China, and I recognize that there is some differences that happened quarter-on-quarter. But it essentially is pulling demand from rest of the world back into China.
And so the more that they tune up their business in semi fabricated products in coming both from scrap and from primary, it tends to pull that demand growth or just pull basic demand from the rest of the world and where I am mostly concerned comes to the fact that the way that they've built their industrial policies is not to incentivize the selling of primary metal, but rather is to incentivize the production and then export of these semi fabricated products. Just to the value-added taxes and the rebates offered for those products, it's just essentially it's meant to capture those first basic set of products coming out of China. And so it comes down to the supply and demand across all of aluminum and whether that is coming from both scrap or coming from primary aluminum and then how that interacts with the actual consumption of aluminum inside of China or outside of China.
In the end, I think it's a global market and I think there are distortions between pricing inside of China and outside of China. But the distortions are economically motivated and are connected back with these policies. And so when we look at the two China's -- the two markets, they tend to operate with their own set of supply and demand fundamentals. But it is those semi fabricated products and in the worst of cases, fake semis, which we have seen continue in smaller portions, but still there. It is what reconnects those markets back and brings essentially both the marginal capacity in China and connected to the price setting that happens around the world. And we see that in aluminum into a certain extent, we also see China serving that role of marginal producer in alumina as well.
So, I mean from a broader market perspective, the most important thing is that we see that demand ramp back up again. And as we look at this and as we look at the balance of risk both in trade policy and trade tensions, which obviously ratcheted down a little bit today. Certainly not back to where they were a couple of years ago. I think and as we look at the actual data coming out, whether it's in construction of housing inside of China, or automotive in Europe. I think we feel fairly confident with where we have projected our aluminum demand growth over this coming year. But as you highlighted and circling back to the very beginning of your question, Curt, that can change depending on how those metrics evolve. I would like to think that there are risks to the upside, but I also recognize the fact that this is the best estimate we have right now.
Curt Woodworth -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst
I mean in terms of the sort of the trade deal negotiations, has there been any communication with the government regarding the massive export rebate that they get on semis or any dialog around trying to make amends for what are pretty clear substantial subsidies and semis?
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
So we spend a good portion of our time trying to make sure that we educate all the jurisdictions where we happen to produce in the US, obviously as a very important set of discussions to make sure they understand how those subsidies in fact impact the market. I think one of the best things that we've had is that the publishing of that OECD report, which has helped to put into numbers from an independent third-party or as independent as it can be. I think that has helped to explain quantify and demonstrate that -- how that subsidization works and how it then connects over into the -- not just into primary aluminum, but into the down -- into those semi-fabricated markets as well. So I think we've done a good job explaining it, but now we need to see real action that starts to correct it. And again, this announcement just yesterday with the agreement between Japan, the US and the EU is a great first step. It pushes us in the right direction, but it is a first step, and doesn't necessarily have the actions yet delineated about what will make the difference. So it's a good beginning, but just the beginning.
Curt Woodworth -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst
Great. I appreciate your comments. Thank you.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Curt.
Operator
Our next question will come from Carlos De Alba with Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead.
Carlos De Alba -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Yeah. Thank you very much for taking the question. So, first one is related to the USMCA, so -- and given the concern that you express on the imports or the exports of semis from China. I'm not aware -- maybe it did happen, but I'm not aware that in the new text it is required, even over time, that receive the benefits of the new agreement, you need to pour and melt the aluminum in the region as they did for the steel. Was there any reason why that may not have been included in the final tax, Roy? And would it still be possible to maybe add something similar to what they have done in steel, which -- it's going to take seven years after the signature of -- the signing of the agreement is when it kicks in, but it definitely will protect some of the producers in the three countries?
And then my second question, if I may, is just on -- you mentioned that the better demand growth outlook in 2020 versus last year. You alluded to Europe transport and construction and transport in China, but nothing in the US. I wonder if you could give us some comments as to how you see the different end markets here in North America.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Sure. So let me hit the USMCA first and I'll probably steer clear of trying to look into the minds of the negotiators to figure out exactly how they came to their conclusions. I think there are incremental improvements. I think the -- when you think about the expectations for growing that produced and manufactured in North America, I think it is positive on whole for the USMCA but it does, as you mentioned, fall short of where it could have been. Why that is the case and the relative lobbying interests of how that law gets put into action? I think is beyond my ability to explain clearly. I think it is -- I think on the whole it is positive. Of course, we would have liked to have been even more positive given our footprint in Canada and the US, particularly.
On your second question about the demand growth outlook, and particularly in the US, you hit my main points. I think we're seeing some green shoots in Europe, particularly in transportation. I think China will come back. In the US, I think we've not yet seen that we've turned the corner, as far as starting to see growth again in our end markets. I think there are the catalysts to perhaps start to see that improve. But from my perspective and as we look across each of these different markets, the fact is, there's just not -- we're not yet at a point where we're actually seeing that manufacturing pickup and therefore, starting to see that turn into actual aluminum orders.
I think as we alluded to also and Bill talked about it, it's from a value-added market standpoint as well, it's a difficult market out there with RUSAL back in the mix, because remember there were sanctions at the beginning of last year, which was during the normal season where we sign all those contracts. And we've also, because of the elevated premiums, both Midwest and product premiums in the US started to see that some additional imports have been coming into the US, even though they have to pay the duty. So it's -- we've not yet seen that demand turn and we still haven't -- and we're seeing headwinds when it comes to our value-added premiums in the US, as well.
Again, I think there are catalysts for positive change. I think the recent developments that we've seen with China, in particularly if we start to advance toward a Phase II part of the deal, I think that gives us the catalyst for improvements happening more quickly. However, right now this is the best estimate we've got, Carlos.
Carlos De Alba -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Excellent. Thank you very much, Roy. All the best to you guys in 2020.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Carlos.
Operator
Our next question will come from Matthew Korn with Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead.
Matthew Korn -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Hey, good evening, everybody.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Hey, Matt.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Hey, Matt.
Matthew Korn -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Hey. A question for you, Bill. Next year the 70%, 80% tax rate a little higher than we had thought. I know the elevated levels last couple of quarters had included some catch-up -- true-up expense, currently speaking. Is the expectation for the next year, is that all jurisdictional mix? Are there other pieces at play that we should know about?
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
No. It's all jurisdictional mix, right? I mean, it comes -- what it comes down to is, we make money in Australia, and we've got a tax rate in Australia that it gets applied to the PBT. We lose money in certain jurisdictions around the world, where we are reserve for taxes. So we essentially have no tax benefit and that's how you end up getting to that high rate.
Matthew Korn -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Got it. And second, you know, I am interested you've moved more toward the sustainability you might, that is part of the framework, you got the emphasis here on the carbon free aluminum. What can you tell us, because technically is fitting for this call how the ELYSIS is actually produced. I've been on the website, it wasn't able to extract a whole lot of information and I know it's early in the process, but it's also commercially major first delivery. So anything you can say and how the economics of this compares is a premium on price expected. Does that make up for what I'd assume additional cost, what can you tell us more about that as a commercial enterprise?
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yes, Matt, I thought you were asking about the technical aspects and I was going to launch into a 45-minute discussion. I hope of how we do that and then as every secrecy at the end of that, it sounds like you're looking more for parts of how the economics. We expect the economics to work. We've been working on this for a while, Matt, and the idea was always find a process that is more economical and has a better invested capital cost versus what we saw as traditional, traditional smelting technology. In the meantime of course China has come roaring in with good technology. At the same time with pretty reduced capital costs. So, the world has changed quite a bit. We still believe that when we think about the cost of installing capacity in the operating cost of -- then operating it. And focused on projects outside of China, we have this process is going to be more economically efficient and because you're no longer changing anodes and such a short cycle, you end up having pretty significant savings in the operating side as well.
I would also argue and where I think that this can become an even more powerful opportunity for the future is by nurturing and growing that what is today a niche market for premiums for sustainable metal in particularly for what will be the lowest carbon metal on the planet when you connect one of the, when you connect this ELYSIS process to hydropower into alumina and Bauxite, that is mined and then refined in low carbon intensity ways. When you bring this all together, it will be the lowest carbon metal on the planet. I think that is -- we're comfortable with making that statement. And so you have to then determine what does that premium going to look like. I think it says a lot that Apple was -- the Apple chose to invest with us and I think it also means a lot that they wanted that first commercial production of metal, because there will be a demand. What we need to do as an aluminum company and I know some of our competitors are working on this as well is nurture and develop that market, so that premium will exist or on the other side if discount exist for carbon intense products that might be produced outside of in other people systems. So that I'd love to tell you that we have quantified what that number will be, but that's really that looming question that we need to decide, not only for ELYSIS but for our portfolio because just transitioning back to the changes that we're making in Alcoa in the existing portfolio that we have, we have the benefit that we're making these changes because they're the right thing to do financially. Future-proofing and cycle-proofing our portfolio in smelting is the right thing to do. We need to be in the first quartile because it's a rough and tumble business. But also having the added benefit of then being the lowest carbon emitter of all the smelting systems in the world, then positions us to capture that premium for ELYSIS, yes, but even more importantly for the broader portfolio, which the lot of tons as we emerge from there.
So to me, it's -- the reason we talk more about this because I think it is a trend that is growing in importance. I believe that at some point that premium or that discount will become more real but would not hazard to guess as to what that number is going to be at this point.
Matthew Korn -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Got it. Last quarter you did emphasize how much you saw sustainability is something tied in environment and also economics. So we'll be watching carefully as this market develops. Thanks very much and good luck.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Matt.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Matt.
Operator
Our next question will come from Chris Terry with Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead.
Christopher Terry -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Hi, Roy and Bill. Thanks for taking my question. Hi. Yeah. The first question I had just thinking the big picture, Slide 23, where you go through. It's not new, I don't think, but the target to get to $2 billion to $2.5 billion net debt including the pension. Just wanted to, if you could -- given where you are at today, if you could just step through a few of the pieces there. So maybe as a start, if you could split out maybe the target on net debt as opposed to the target on the overall pension?
And then if I just do the math on that, you're trying to reduce that, I guess, $0.8 billion to $1.3 billion, you should get another $200 million from the Gum Springs transaction. And then if you do reach the upper end of your $1 billion -- $500 million to $1 billion asset sales target, you take of most of that, so there's not a lot of loud-pouring [Phonetic] actual cash flow. Am I reading that correctly? I just wanted you to step through the latest and how you're seeing that goal that two- to four-year goal?
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. So, one thing I would just start out by saying, Chris, is if you look at Page 40, that's the reconciliation of the net debt calculation. So if we start there that would say that we're sitting at the end of 2019 at a $3.4 billion net debt calculation. So to get to that level that we're targeting, we would need to come off of that $3.4 billion. Essentially what we have said and first of all, that was originally a three- to five-year target, we are now making that a two- to four-year target because one year has passed, we can get to that level of net debt by simply making our required minimum pension contributions. There is a bunch of assumptions built into that, and I'll tell you what those assumptions are. We hit our expected return on assets 6.5% for the US, varies across other parts of the world, but the big number is 6.5% in the US. And discount rates don't change substantially from where they are today. So simply by making our minimum contributions, we can do that.
That should then lead you to the question, OK, you started going down the path of $200 million of -- at least in the near term $200 million for Gum Springs, an extra $50 million once we meet those post-closing requirements and the additional asset sales. And remember, I would tell you that Gum Springs, maybe we didn't say this, but Gum Springs was included in our asset sale list. So we've executed now on nearly half of the bottom end layer of -- or level of that asset sale list. So then we will use that cash and redeploy it in the capital allocation model that's on Page 23. All right?
So that capital allocation model is pretty clear, we won't have $1 billion of cash on the balance sheet. We want to invest in the business in sustaining capital this year that will be $400 million. We want to do small return-seeking projects of $75 million this year and beyond that any excess free cash flow will be used for the four items down at the bottom, essentially the debt reduction, repositioning the portfolio, the large, say, the mid-size growth projects that we have and then returning cash to shareholders. So that's the way you should be thinking about it.
And I just to circle back to your original point, we think we can get to our net debt target simply by making our minimum pension contributions over the next few years.
Christopher Terry -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Okay. Thanks. That's helpful. I just had a couple of follow-up on the cost side, if we think about, you've gone through some of this already, but just thinking about over the course of 2020 and then into the future as you want to move down toward the first quartile in the aluminum business. Just wanted, if you could step through some of the opportunity, particularly on the cost side and that's across all your business. So maybe if you could discuss caustic, carbon, energy, etc, just directionally over the next say 12 months to 18 months. Thanks.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Sure, I'll hit the raw materials piece first, and then we can talk more broadly about some of the other things that will help us drive toward that first quartile. You know that back in 2018, we saw significant cost headwinds in raw materials and 2018's agent history at this point, but we did see large increases. 2019 was a year where we captured some of that back in raw materials. 2020, I would tell you that, that is accelerating. The amount of reduction of raw materials in 2020 is larger than what we saw in 2019. I would project that we should see approximately $175 million of reduction in raw materials in 2020 that's coming from two areas; that's first in caustic prices and then the second is in lower carbon prices. So we are seeing some of that come back that we have seen higher costs over the last few years.
As far as addressing the repositioning our portfolio down to the first quartile that's going to be a combination of two things. First is the asset review that we have, we've said that we have 1.5 metric tons of smelting capacity that will be either improved significantly sold or curtailed. And then in addition to that, and Roy can speak more about this. We're looking to really energize the productivity side of our business and to start to drive incremental cost savings, not only in the smelters, but on the refineries also.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
And Chris, just to add a little bit on Bill's last point, and I won't belabor it, but I think as we look toward this year's market and last year's market. I think we've regained a lot of stability across the portfolio. But part of what we're trying to do with this operating model change is to make sure that we are being very clear in binary with each and every one of our plant managers about what success looks like for all of our plants. And so that I believe will help us to drive a mentality about how to drive costs out of our plants as quickly as we possibly can. And that is raw materials first, and there is also a component of your usages of those raw materials and how smartly you can do that, and when compared with the price of what you're using, but it also connects over to maintenance costs to how you drive your plant to the choice about how you run electricity through your part, so that you are giving the best financial outcomes. So I think it's, we're determined to see real improvements there. I actually have a lot of confidence in our new operating team and we have some fresh people that are looking at problems that we've been working on for the last decade and we are determined to make sure that, that ends up being improvements in productivity and improvements in the end of our cost efficiencies. So more to come in that certainly, Chris. But it's -- it is really one of the most important things we'll be doing in 2020 and beyond.
Christopher Terry -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Okay, thanks guys. Just one more if I may. The capex guidance or sustaining capex of $400 million versus $290 million for 2019. Is that $400 million, is that the go forward rate we should expect in beyond 2020 as well? Or is there other items in that. Thanks.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yes, so just to put some characterization around the $400 million, spent $290 million in 2019, the big difference between 2019 and 2020 are the two mine moves. We've got one in full swing down in Australia in 2020 and we will just be starting one in Brazil in 2020. Both of those will be wrapped up in 2021. We haven't provided an outlook past 2020. But I think at least in the Bauxite segment, we will have elevated spending on the mine moves for the next couple of years and so that's what's driving it.
Christopher Terry -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Okay, thanks. That's it from me.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Chris.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Chris.
Operator
Our next question will come from David Gagliano with BMO. Please go ahead.
David Gagliano -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst
Hi, thanks for taking my questions. I just have a couple of fairly quick ones. First on the $35 million quarter-over-quarter decline in EBITDA in the Bauxite business. How much of that is due to the seasonal volume decline and how much of that is due to the price decline?
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
The price decline is the biggest piece of that, Dave. Out of the $35 million, I would tell you, probably two-thirds of that is coming from both inter-company and external pricing. And the inter-company clearly is picked up on the refining side, but -- so out of the $35 million, two-thirds is priced and a third is seasonal lower volumes.
David Gagliano -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst
Okay and then just a related question on that. As we think about that moving forward just for segment modeling purposes, I'm assuming that, that piece that's price decline driven is pretty much reasonable run rate moving forward at this point, correct?
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. For 2020, we typically reset internal bauxite pricing once a year, unless there is a major move in the marketplace that changes, which we haven't really seen over the last couple of years. So yeah, I think assume that for 2020.
David Gagliano -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst
Okay, great. And then, just my other question, slightly bigger picture. When I look at the volume targets for 2020, they imply year-over-year growth of about 5% to 8%. Obviously, there is a fairly cautious backdrop in terms of calling for global surplus in primary aluminum. I get the Becancour restart. But my question really is without identifying specific assets, how much of that 3.0 million to 3.1 million tons of third-party shipments should we consider to be under review for curtailment realistically as we move through 2020 if prices stay soft and premiums continue to fade?
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. It's really, really difficult to answer, Dave. When we look at the portfolio, clearly, there are some plants that are fairly high costs. And we'll be looking at those in 2020 in light of market dynamics and those decisions will be made fairly quickly. I can only point you to the fact that 90 days in to our announced strategy, we already have closed or at least announced the closure of Point Comfort and have already executed on nearly half of the bottom end of the range on the asset sales. So, I would tell you, we look at each plant. We look at the run rate economics and we look at the current market environment and we'll make decisions fairly expeditiously.
Operator
Our next question will come from Lucas Pipes with B. Riley FBR. Please go ahead.
Lucas Pipes -- B. Riley FBR, Inc. -- Analyst
Hey, good afternoon, everybody. I've quick follow-up question on the Gum Springs transaction. Is that akin to a sale leaseback? And if so, what sort of EBITDA contribution was this plant or would this plant be generating under the current -- under the structure that you agreed to? Would appreciate any color on that. Thank you.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. It is not a sale leaseback. It is an out and out sale, and it's a sale to Veolia. And as far as EBITDA contribution in 2019, the plant lost $12 million. We had kind of use of improving the plant to be a breakeven in 2020. So that gives you a pretty good indication of the contribution of Gum Springs to our financials. We do have a mid-term contract for processing spent potlining. So we know that they will be taking our SPL for a number of years. But from my perspective, this is a really good deal, it gets the plant -- it's a good deal for Alcoa, it's a good deal for our shareholders. But it's also a good deal for the plant, it gets the plant to be owned by a company that's going to grow the capabilities and our employees that are Alcoans say that are going to [Indecipherable], have a bright future. So I think it's a really good transaction.
Lucas Pipes -- B. Riley FBR, Inc. -- Analyst
That's very helpful. And it's not like you're guaranteeing a certain number of profitability to the plant?
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
No, absolutely not. I mean, we will be sending our SPL there for a number of years, but we are not guaranteeing a profitability level.
Lucas Pipes -- B. Riley FBR, Inc. -- Analyst
That's very helpful. Appreciate it and best of luck.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Lucas.
Operator
Our next question will come from Timna Tanners with Bank of America. Please go ahead.
Timna Tanners -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Yeah. Hey, Happy New Year.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Timna.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks.
Timna Tanners -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Hey, there. So just to follow-up on a few points I wanted to clarify. If you could give us an update on tax for the Portland complex and energy subsidies how to think about that complex going forward? And then, along the same lines, how far along are we in terms of the benefit already being or still yet to come in terms of the Becancour start-up and the Spanish smelter closure?
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
So let me start on Portland, essentially the deal that we agreed to was a 4.5-year deal and that will go out to the middle of 2021. And so, in between now and that particular moment in time, we need to see if there is a repowering solution or if there is another eventuality for that plant. So in the midst of discussions with government, it's a plant that operates very stably, it is a very good -- it is a good technology, it just happens to be one of the most highest energy price markets on the planet. So you'll not see action on that, in fact, part of that agreement is that we wouldn't take action until the middle of 2021.
On Becancour, your second question, Timna. We're about halfway through the restart from a pot standpoint. We actually have all employees will be back in the plant and back helping to tend those pots by the end of this month. We're having a very good -- so far we're having a good start-up, I mean, I've been very pleased with it and it's an important situation where we've been following this lockout for 18 months, it is important for us to reestablish those connections with our employees. But also it is an environment that takes a lot of care. Those Becancour workers happen to be some of best that we have around our system. So really positive to see how that is progressing. So, on the right track.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Let me throw some numbers around that. On Becancour, Timna, when we announced Becancour restart, we said we would spend $30 million to $35 million after-tax in the second half of 2019 and an additional $30 million to $35 million in the first half of 2020. We are actually -- the spending has probably been a little bit more back-end loaded than what we anticipated. So we spent about $25 million in the second half at Becancour, that gets pushed to the first half of 2020. So at this point, we're not reducing our overall estimate of the spend.
Put Spain a little bit of perspective for you, the fact that we have divested Spain. Spain was about a $40 million EBITDA hit in 2019. And that's before any of the special items that was just the operations, so we won't have that EBITDA hit in 2020, clearly, since we don't own the asset. We still have some payments that have to go out to our partner, or the people who bought it, who are known as partner and that's about $68 million that has to be done over the next six quarters. So we still have that cash outflow over the next six quarters in that $68 million total.
Timna Tanners -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Okay. Super helpful. Thank you.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Hope that helps.
Timna Tanners -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Yeah. That's great. Thank you. And then the only other question I wanted to ask is just taking a step back, I know in the past you've talked about thinking about cash returns to shareholders at above $1 billion in terms of cashing about [Indecipherable], it seems like you're getting close to that level, but obviously also a lot of cash requirements into next year. So I just wanted any updated thinking on is that you had $1 billion and you start to think about it or you want to position that for a couple of quarters or have those priorities changed or how you think about cash returns? Thanks.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. The priorities clearly haven't changed. The capital allocation model is the same as the one that we announced last quarter. If we get to the $1 billion level, we'll balance between those four items. And as you said, there are some things that are going to cost us cash, the repositioning of the portfolio will cost us some cash, but we'll balance.
What I would tell you is, I was personally pleased with the fact that we generated cash in the four quarter. Again, we generated cash in the third quarter, these are fairly tough market environment and we generated cash. And at the same time, we made the contributions toward all the things that we needed to contribute toward. So, for instance, we made our mandatory required pension contributions in the fourth quarter. So, from an overall perspective, I would tell you that one of the bright spots in the quarter was the cash balance at the end of the year.
Timna Tanners -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Okay. Fair enough. Thanks again.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Timna.
Operator
Our next question comes from John Tumazos, Independent. Please go ahead.
John Tumazos -- John Tumazos Very Independent Research -- Analyst
Thank you. Could you elaborate a little bit more on the Chinese aluminum demand? We read that vehicle sales fell 8.2% last year. Which are the markets were up in China, and which are the markets are the one or two biggest markets for aluminum in China?
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
So that's a pretty broad question, John. So, let me sort of couch it in terms of how we see that market growing into 2020. I don't know if I'll exactly hit where you were going with the question but hopefully, at least, it gives you the right direction.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
And as we've done that we'll put some numbers down on it.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. So from -- when you look across the board, the largest component sits inside of construction, I think one of the highlights that people saw in the Chinese market last year that you started to see building starts come back again. Unfortunately, for last year, aluminum really comes in at the end of the process. So what we're hoping to see this year is that, those building starts turn into building completions. We have started to see that turn the corner as we come into 2020. And so, that's going to help drive some growth in the construction market and happily, that is the largest consumption of aluminum that happens inside of China.
From a transportation standpoint, that one is also an important market. We believe that the stimulus programs and what's happening in China is going to be driving that into a positive growth as well for this coming year. I think it was a difficult 2019. I don't particularly have the negative 8% that you referenced, but we should see that come back and in fact, come back to be one of the strongest growth in the markets that we'll see across China.
I would just also mention that we continue to see some decent growth in packaging and foil, in fact, that growth will be down a little bit compared to the strong growth that we saw in 2019. That's a pretty big contributor to the overall aluminum consumption in China, but I think we continue to see that aluminum as a packaging material continues to be strong and continues to grow.
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
No. You hit all the things largely that I wanted to cover, Roy. I mean, the big market, John, is construction and Roy addressed that. The next kind of bigger markets are packaging and foil, machinery, transportation. We did see transportation in a contraction like you did, probably not the same level that you're referencing, but we see that turning around pretty well in 2020. So those are the big markets.
John Tumazos -- John Tumazos Very Independent Research -- Analyst
Thank you.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Thanks, John.
Operator
Our next question will come from Paretosh Misra with Berenberg. Please go ahead.
Paretosh Misra -- Berenberg Bank -- Analyst
Thanks for taking my question. Just to follow-up on a couple of other questions on the end market. How close are you to your end market customer now given that you don't have any downstream business? Do you know every shipment going out of your facility whether it's going to construction or automotive? Or is that more about you having some market intelligence and market sources that's how you have a read in the end market demand?
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. I'd say, Paretosh that, when we get to the actual aluminum consumption that goes into the end markets, that is because of who we are Alcoa Corp, instead of Alcoa Inc, we are a step removed from that final end market. So we put our effort into trying to understand what's coming out from other analysts and from what we hear and what we see in our sales of value-added products in aluminum, value-added rolled products in aluminum. So I think it's more an interpretation and not so much driven by what our -- what's coming out of our smelters. We do have a pretty good idea of where our metal is going, particularly when it comes to value-added products. So typically it is very different, whether it's going into the can sheet or whether it's going into billet or extrusions, etc. But it's particularly for P1020 for the commodity grade that can go into any kind of use.
Paretosh Misra -- Berenberg Bank -- Analyst
Got it. And just a quick follow-up, on the aluminum shape premiums, has there been any change this year versus last year? I guess, that's mostly a contract business.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. And the fact is that, there has been a change and unfortunately, it's not for the better is, in fact, a decline. What we're seeing really and remember that we are very skewed toward North America and Europe, but we're seeing pretty significant declines for two reasons. Number one, we've seen that Midwest premium come down. And number two, we've seen product shape and alloy premiums also come down. That I would tie it over to two things: number one, RUSAL come back into the market. So if you remember at the end of 2018, I mean, beginning of 2019 with most of those contracts were set for the 2019 annual year, particularly in North America, RUSAL was still under sanction. So they were not able to step into a lot of those value-added businesses. For 2020, obviously, the sanctions are behind them and thus, they are now fully participating and are really driving to recapture market share. So that is certainly having an impact on the amount of material that's available.
And number two and also important is because you had a period of such differentiated higher Midwest premiums, I think it attracted a decent amount of imported material that we're really starting to see coming into the 2020 markets, you've seen that come in. I think that could change, as we've seen the best [Phonetic] premiums come off their highs. But at the same time, we're seeing an more imports both from RUSAL and from others in the 2020 value-added premium markets.
Operator
Thank you. This concludes our question-and-answer session. I would now like to turn the conference to Roy Harvey for any closing remarks.
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Good. Thank you, Sean. And I would like to thank everybody for your time and attention today. We will continue to act aggressively to improve this Company and to act on the strategic program that we've set out and to make sure that we position ourselves for success into the future. So, thank you for joining us and we look forward to talking to you here three months down the road.
Operator
[Operator Closing Remarks]
Duration: 76 minutes
Call participants:
James Dwyer -- Vice President of Investor Relations
Roy C. Harvey -- President and Chief Executive Officer
William F. Oplinger -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Curt Woodworth -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst
Carlos De Alba -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Matthew Korn -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Christopher Terry -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
David Gagliano -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst
Lucas Pipes -- B. Riley FBR, Inc. -- Analyst
Timna Tanners -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
John Tumazos -- John Tumazos Very Independent Research -- Analyst
Paretosh Misra -- Berenberg Bank -- Analyst
