Stocks continue to be the best means of building wealth over time, but that doesn't mean bonds should be left out of your portfolio. The advantage of bonds is that their values tend to fluctuate less frequently and drastically than stock values while still offering interest income.
Treasury bonds and corporate bonds tend to get the lion's share of attention, but municipalities such as states, cities, and counties issue bonds, too. There's a large market for investing in municipal bonds, or "muni" bonds. And just as with their corporate and federal government counterparts, there are plenty of good reasons to add municipal bonds to your portfolio.
Here's what you need to know about investing in municipal bonds.
How they work
How municipal bonds work
A municipal bond is a debt issued by a state or municipality to fund public works. Like other bonds, investors lend money to the issuer for a predetermined period of time. The issuer promises to pay the investor interest over the term of the bond (usually twice a year) and then return the principal to the investor when the bond matures.
For example, if you invest $5,000 in a 10-year municipal bond paying 5% interest, you've loaned $5,000 for 10 years. In return, the municipality will pay you $250 annually in interest -- typically in biannual installments -- and then return your $5,000 at maturity in 10 years.
Bond values are usually more stable than stocks, since the value is easy to calculate: You add up the bond's face value and the interest it will pay. The main thing that affects the value of a bond is the interest rate. A bond that pays a higher interest rate than a new issue -- meaning brand-new bonds just coming up for sale -- is worth more money, while a bond that pays a lower interest rate than a new issue is worth less money. That's because the price of selling or buying the bond is adjusted up or down based on current available yields.
But so long as you hold the bond to maturity and the issuer continues honoring its obligation to pay you, you'll get all your money back, plus interest.
Types
Types of municipal bonds
Municipal bonds come in two varieties: General obligation and revenue bonds. General obligation bonds are used to finance public projects that aren't linked to a particular revenue stream. Revenue bonds, by contrast, are used to finance public projects with the potential to generate revenue. There are advantages and drawbacks to investing in each type.
General obligation bonds
General obligation bonds are used to fund public projects, such as building a park or improving a school system -- things that don't inherently make money but improve the communities they serve. General obligation bonds are backed by the full faith and credit of the issuer, meaning they're not secured by any specific asset that bondholders could repossess. As such, general obligation bonds have traditionally been one of the safest kinds of bonds you can buy.
Revenue bonds
Revenue bonds are issued by municipalities to finance revenue-generating projects like a toll road or concert hall. The cash generated by the project will pay back investors in those bonds. Revenue bonds have higher default rates than general obligation bonds since the funds are used for a specific project that may or may not be completed on time and within budget and may not generate the projected revenues. So it's important to research the issuer's credit rating before risking your capital.
Bonds
How to invest
How to invest in municipal bonds
There are three ways of investing in municipal bonds:
- New issues.
- The secondary market.
- Bond funds.
New issues are bonds that a municipality sets up for a new project. The secondary market is where you can buy bonds that are already issued from other investors or sell not-yet-matured bonds you already hold (similar to how stocks are traded). Bond funds are investments in a fund that owns bonds. You own a stake in the bonds via your ownership of that fund.
In all of these cases, you'll buy and sell through a broker, similar to how you invest in stocks. It's important to understand the fees you'll pay, as well as the potential "markup" -- a selling price above face or market value -- of the bond.
Brokers who buy and sell municipal bonds are required to register with the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB), which governs the muni bond market. They're required to disclose certain pricing information so that you, as an investor, can understand what you're paying.
A mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF) that invests in bonds might be appropriate as well. Your investment in a muni bond fund gives you a small stake in every municipal bond the fund owns. The benefit is instant diversification, which can help you avoid losses from being too exposed to a single bond. The downside is potentially high management fees.
Benefits and risks
Benefits and risks of municipal bonds
On the whole, municipal bonds have a low default rate. Between 1970 and 2015, just 99 muni bond defaults were issued. Of these, only nine general obligation bonds defaulted, and not a single municipal bond with the highest credit rating defaulted. Municipal bonds have been 50 to 100 times less likely to default than corporate bonds.
However, municipal bonds are not risk-free. In recent years, some governments have defaulted on their municipal bonds, including Detroit in 2013 and Puerto Rico in 2016.
Municipal bonds generally offer lower interest rates than corporate bonds, although, as with Treasury bonds, the interest is tax-free. (Keep in mind, however, that the tax benefits of municipal bonds only apply to interest payments -- not capital gains. If you sell a bond for more than you paid, those gains are still taxable.)
Muni bonds carry interest rate risk as well. If interest rates go up while you still own a particular muni bond, you will earn a lower yield than you'd be able to get from a new issue in the future. Interest rate changes will affect the value of your bonds on the secondary market, too. If you have to sell a bond in the future, you may have to sell it below redemption value to compensate for the lower yield if rates go up. But as long as you hold the bond to maturity, you'll earn its face value back from the issuer.
Municipal bond rates
Municipal bond rates
There are three major ratings agencies that grade bond issuers based on their likelihood of meeting their financial obligations versus defaulting on them. They are S&P Global (SPGI -0.09%), Moody's (MCO -0.62%), and Fitch.
Generally, the higher an issuer's credit rating, the lower the interest rate its bonds pay. Conversely, issuers with a lower rating generally must offer higher interest rates to offset the associated risk. But remember that bond ratings can change. Just because an issuer starts out with a strong rating doesn't mean it can't get downgraded if its financial circumstances change, such as Detroit a decade ago.
There's good news even in most bad situations, however. Muni bonds have a high rate of recovery even when they default, but your capital can be tied up longer than the term of the bond, and investors rarely recoup interest not paid. So be sure to consider all the implications when picking which municipal bonds to buy.
Municipal bonds versus corporate bonds
Municipal bonds differ from corporate bonds in the tax treatment of the interest they pay, and also have lower default rates, making them generally lower risk. This is why municipal bonds generally pay lower yields than similar corporate bonds. Additionally, muni bonds generally require a $5,000 minimum investment, while corporate bonds start at $1,000.
In short, the risk-reward profile for munis and corporate bonds is different. If less risk is your priority, munis come out ahead; if better yields with more risk suits you, corporate bonds get the nod.
Related investing topics
Should you invest in municipal bonds?
The best bonds to invest in depend upon your financial goals and situation. As with other bonds, the biggest reason to own them is lower risk of losing capital, in exchange for lower potential total returns. This is particularly important with funds in which you want the lowest level of risk of permanent losses, or as part of a diversified portfolio of stocks and bonds.
When considering muni bonds, especially if you're comparing one or more to corporate bonds, don't forget to factor in the other benefits, like historically lower risk of losses and potential tax benefits that result in higher after-tax yields.
