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Automatic Data Processing Inc (ADP -0.11%)
Q1Â 2020 Earnings Call
Oct 30, 2019, 8:30 a.m. ET
Contents:
- Prepared Remarks
- Questions and Answers
- Call Participants
Prepared Remarks:
Operator
Good morning. My name is Krystal, and I will be your conference operator. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to ADP's First Quarter Fiscal 2020 Earnings Call. [Operator Instructions]
I will now turn the conference over to Mr. Christian Greyenbuhl, Vice President, Investor Relations. Please go ahead.
Christian Greyenbuhl -- Vice President, Investor Relations
Thank you, Krystal. Good morning, everyone. And thank you for joining ADP's first quarter fiscal 2020 earnings call and webcast. With me today are Carlos Rodriguez, our President and Chief Executive Officer; and Kathleen Winters, our Chief Financial Officer.
Earlier this morning, we released our results for the first quarter of fiscal 2020. The earnings materials are available on the SEC's website and on our Investor Relations website at investors.adp.com, where you will also find the investor presentation that accompanies today's call, as well as our quarterly history of revenue and pre-tax earnings by reportable segment.
During our call today, we will reference non-GAAP financial measures, which we believe to be useful to investors and that exclude the impact of certain items. A description and the timing of these items, along with a reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to their most comparable GAAP measure, can be found in our earnings release.
Today's call will also contain forward-looking statements that refer to future events and, as such, involve some risk. We encourage you to review our filings with the SEC for additional information on factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our current expectations.
Before turning the call over to Carlos, you will have noticed in today's earnings release that we made a correction this quarter to certain PEO's zero margin pass-through revenues that we had previously reported on a gross basis and which going forward will be reported on a net basis. For consistency, we also revised prior periods and the total impact of fiscal 2019 revenues and operating expenses was $65 million. This does not materially impact our previously reported growth rates and does not impact consolidated earnings before income taxes, net earnings, consolidated financial condition or cash flows.
To better assist you, we have also included the details of these adjustments in the appendix to the presentation that accompanies today's call. Our supplemental schedule of quarterly history of revenue and pre-tax earnings by reportable segment also reflects the impacts of these changes. Accordingly, our reported results and full-year outlook and the following commentary from both Carlos and Kathleen also fully reflect the impact of these adjustments. As always, please do not hesitate to reach out, should you have any questions.
And with that, let me turn the call over to Carlos.
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you, Christian, and thank you, everyone, for joining our call.
This morning, we reported our first quarter fiscal 2020 results with revenue of $3.5 billion for the quarter, up 6% reported and organic constant currency. We are pleased with this revenue growth, which despite some higher-than-expected unfavorability in FX, was in line with our expectations.
Our efforts to enhance our operating efficiency, along with our focused attention on transformation, helped us deliver 60 basis points of adjusted EBIT margin expansion for this quarter. This margin expansion was in line with our expectations, and we are happy to see the progress that our associates continue to make in helping to improve our productivity, while also improving client satisfaction, particularly given the difficult margin compare given our strong performance in the first half of fiscal 2019. Together with share buybacks and a slightly lower-than-expected adjusted effective tax rate, these results helped us deliver 12% adjusted EPS growth this quarter, which was slightly ahead of our expectations.
Moving on to Employer Services New Business Bookings. This quarter, we saw solid growth across our US markets, which helped drive 6% growth in the quarter. With regard to our international and multi-national sales opportunities, we did see some impact from timing as certain deals that were expected to close this quarter are now expected to close slightly later in the fiscal year. Nevertheless, we are maintaining our full-year Employer Services New Business Bookings guidance of 6% to 8%.
Now turning to client service. We continue to drive improvements in our client satisfaction scores across our businesses. In this quarter, we were especially pleased with our progress in the upmarket, with improvements in both our implementation and overall client satisfaction scores. We continue to take positive steps to transform our service organization and enhance the client experience. And with this continued progress in mind, we remain confident in our forecasted full-year fiscal 2020 retention increase of 10 basis points to 20 basis points.
We are pleased with our start to fiscal 2020 and with the continued momentum in advancing our strategy to simplify how we do business, deliver innovative solutions for our clients and associates and drive sustainable long-term growth for our shareholders. We understand that a key element of building our success in the market is in the capacity to be agile and to anticipate and adapt to change.
Innovation is at the core of this need, and it's a job that's never done. While we are incredibly excited about the solutions we are delivering in the market today to help clients meet the needs of an evolving workforce, we're even more excited about the future. As the workforce continues to evolve, organizations are looking for ways to manage their entire workforce through a single-user experience.
Today, companies of all sizes are using a variety of applications to get work done. What they need is an open HCM platform that allows easy integration with third-party solutions and is also flexible enough to handle the increasingly dynamic nature of work; one, where workers are organized around how work happens in teams, often with individuals working on multiple teams at the same time. Aided by insights from the ADP Research Institute, our next-gen HCM platform is designed at the core to address these needs.
A few weeks ago, I had the opportunity to attend the HR Technology Conference in Las Vegas, where our Next Gen HCM platform and used innovations took center stage. As I met with clients and HR professionals, I was incredibly proud of the reception and recognition that we receive for delivering innovative solutions that address how and where work is done today.
I was especially proud when our Next Gen HCM platform won both the HR Executive Top HR Product of the Year Award and the Awesome New Technology Award, a remarkable achievement and a testament to ADP's commitment to innovation. Back in September, we also had the opportunity to showcase some of the differentiating features of ADP's Next Gen platform to HCM industry analysts when we hosted our 2019 Industry Analyst Day.
At this event, we spent time sharing some of the more meaningful and differentiating elements of our technology, such as the use of graph database technology that powers the unique ability to dynamically configure teams while enabling actionable data and insights around relationships, or our metadata-driven design approach that allows a solution to be tailored by the client via low-code rapid development through a drag-and-drop interface. In addition, our solution was designed from the beginning to be public cloud-native. This among other advantages helps improve resiliency and uptime.
Finally, our solution is designed to be global, companies that are expanding globally and that would like to more effectively manage their existing global workforce are an ideal target for ADP Next Gen HCM. We were equally proud and excited to see the recognition of our efforts from industry experts at this event. And while it is great to receive these awards and to be recognized by industry experts, it is even more rewarding when we see our efforts translate into recognition and acknowledgment from our clients and prospects.
As we work to scale our solution and its capabilities, our Next Gen platform is also building momentum in the market and continues to progress in line with our expectations. As an example, earlier this quarter at our Industry Analyst Day, we shared details of a successful go-live with a 6,000 employee US company that chose ADP's Next Gen HCM platform for its talent capabilities and the ease of integration with the clients own internally developed onboarding tool.
At the same event, we were also pleased to share that we had recently signed a 65,000 employee global enterprise that was looking for an HCM platform capable of handling its growing workforce. With that said, our focus on innovation is not limited to our Next Gen HCM platform. We have also increasingly leveraged machine learning to enhance our core strategic advantages in payroll and big data. As an example, we simplified 21 million raw job titles from our unmatched data lake, and normalized them down to 2,400 job categories, ultimately enhancing -- enhancing both the functionality and accuracy of our ADP data cloud benchmarking.
Customers are using our compensation and HR benchmark data to make substantial changes to their business. For example, one of our clients was able to leverage our turnover benchmark data to identify opportunities for improvement, and ultimately to reduce their turnover by 20%. While another saw its front line managers use our executive and Manager Insights mobile solution to help reduce its overtime cost by 6%. These equate to real multi-million dollar operational savings that are being enabled by ADP's data and products.
Also, to enhance the efficiency of our implementation organization, we are designing our Next Gen payroll engine to automatically recognize, convert and classify different formats and inputs from prior payrolls into payroll policies. We believe that this will give us an advantage when we onboard new clients, since it will enable the automation of various elements of the implementation process and allow us to share best practices with our clients.
And finally, we also continue to drive innovation for our front-line associates in an effort to transform how we work, by reducing low-value client contacts, while still delivering value-added service. With this in mind, last year, our support organization in the down-market rolled out expanded chatbot functionality, which today is capable of handling over 100 different inquiry types for more than 640,000 small business clients.
ADP's unique ability to meet the needs of clients and the workers today while anticipating their needs in the future have been hallmarks of our success over the past seven years, and I believe will drive our sustained growth in the years to come.
And with that, I'll turn the call over to Kathleen for her commentary on our results and fiscal 2020 outlook.
Kathleen Winters -- Chief Financial Officer
Thank you, Carlos, and good morning, everyone. As Carlos mentioned, we're pleased with our progress in transforming our business in order to simplify, innovate and grow. Our strategy is working and we are off to a solid start to the year.
This morning, we reported first quarter revenue growth in line with our expectations at 6% on a reported and organic constant currency basis, which includes a slightly greater amount of FX unfavorability than we had previously anticipated. Our adjusted EBIT increased 8%, also in line with expectations and adjusted EBIT margin was up 60 basis points compared to the first quarter of fiscal 2019.
We're pleased with this margin improvement, which benefited from cost savings related to our workforce optimization and procurement transformation initiatives, as well as continued efficiencies within our IT infrastructure. These benefits were partially offset by incremental brand spend as well as selling, amortization and PEO pass-through expenses. This margin performance is particularly gratifying, given the difficult margin compare that we faced in the first half of the year. As a reminder, this resulted from the very strong performance in the first half of fiscal 2019, resulting from the outsized benefits related to our voluntary early retirement program due to slower than anticipated planned backfills at that time.
Our adjusted effective tax rate decreased by 100 basis points to 21.2% compared to the first quarter of fiscal 2019. The decrease was mainly due to an increase in tax incentives related to our R&D efforts and a decrease in reserves for uncertain tax positions. Adjusted diluted earnings per share grew 12% to $1.34. And in addition to benefiting from our revenue growth, margin expansion and a lower effective tax rate, was also aided by fewer shares outstanding compared to a year ago.
Let's move now to our Employer Services segment and interest on funds held for clients. Employer Services revenues were in line with expectations and grew 4% reported and 5% organic constant currency. Interest income on client funds grew 13%, and benefited from a 10 basis point improvement in the average yield earned on our client fund investments to 2.3%, and growth in average client fund balances of 7% to $23.7 billion.
This growth in balances was driven by a combination of client growth, wage inflation, and growth in our pays per controls, partially offset by lower SUI collections. Our Employer Services same-store pays per control metric in the US grew 2.4% for the first quarter. Employer Services margins saw an increase of 50 basis points in the quarter. The increase in margins this quarter was enabled by the same factors I mentioned earlier when discussing our consolidated results.
Our PEO segment revenues grew 8% for the quarter to $2.1 billion, with average worksite employees growing 7% to 563,000. Revenues, excluding zero-margin benefits pass-throughs, grew 7% to $358 million and continue to include pressure from lower workers' compensation and SUI costs and related pricing.
Margins decreased about 70 basis points for the quarter, largely due to changes in ADP Indemnity loss reserve estimates, which drove about 60 basis points of pressure resulting from a smaller benefit in the first quarter of fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019. As a reminder, with ADP Indemnity results now reported in the PEO, it is normal to expect some volatility in our quarterly PEO margins as a result of changes in our workers' compensation loss reserves.
Let's turn to the outlook for the full year, and start with the consolidated view. We continue to anticipate total revenue growth of 6% to 7% in fiscal 2020. This revenue outlook assumes a more elevated level of FX unfavorability for the remainder of fiscal 2020 relative to our previous expectations. With the recent volatility in overnight and fixed interest rates, we now assume interest income on client funds of $570 million to $580 million and interest income from our extended investment strategy is now expected to be $575 million to $585 million.
With the continued negative interest rate environment in the Eurozone, we made the decision this quarter to wind down our two Eurozone-related client money movement activities in France and the Netherlands. As a result, we have liquidated our Dutch client funds portfolio, and we will be liquidating our French client funds portfolio by the end of fiscal year 2020. We, therefore, now anticipate our growth in average client funds balances to be about 4% as compared to our previous forecast of 4% to 5%. This decision is exclusive to France and Netherlands. We continue to anticipate our adjusted EBIT margin to expand 100 basis points to 125 basis points, and we now anticipate our adjusted effective tax rate to be 23.3%.
The rate includes this quarter's unplanned tax benefit from stock-based compensation related to stock option exercises. It does not, however, include any further estimated tax benefit related to potential future stock option exercise, given the dependency of that benefit on the timing of those exercises. With these slight adjustments to our outlook, we continue to expect adjusted diluted earnings per share to grow 12% to 14% in fiscal 2020.
Moving on to the segments. Let's take a look at Employer Services. We continue to expect 4% to 5% revenue growth in our Employer Services segment. This outlook includes the anticipated impact from my previous remarks regarding changes in FX and adjustments to our interest income on client funds outlook. We continue to anticipate pays per control growth of about 2.5%. We also continue to expect Employer Services New Business Bookings growth of 6% to 8%, and for our Employer Services revenue retention to improve 10 basis points to 20 basis points.
I'd like to remind you, as I commented in the prior earnings call, that there is volatility inherent in the quarterly Employer Services bookings metric from larger international and upmarket deals. And I'd also like to remind you of the difficult compare in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020 resulting from our strong performance in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019, due in part to a client list acquisition.
Moving on to margins. We continue to expect our margin in the Employer Services segment to expand by 100 basis points to 125 basis point. As a reminder, with a difficult compare resulting from our strong margin performance in the first half of fiscal 2019, we continue to expect a much stronger margin increase in the latter half of fiscal 2020.
Regarding our PEO segment. Overall, our outlook remains unchanged. We continue to expect 9% to 11% PEO revenue growth in fiscal 2020, and 7% to 9% growth in PEO revenues excluding zero-margin benefit pass-throughs, both driven by an anticipated growth of 7% to 9% in average worksite employees. Because of the slower growth in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019, we continue to expect the growth in our average worksite employees to be at the lower end of our guidance range in the first half of the year, with a gradual reacceleration of our growth rate as the year progresses.
As we also discussed last quarter, we continue to expect lower workers' compensation and SUI costs and related pricing to pressure our total PEO revenue growth. For PEO margin, we continue to anticipate margins to be flat to down 25 basis points in fiscal 2020, which continues to include approximately 50 basis points of pressure from smaller favorable reserve adjustments in ADP Indemnity in fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019.
Before I hand the call back over for Q&A. I'd like to share that on February 11th, we will be hosting an Innovation Day focused on our technology, strategy and showcasing some of our latest innovations. A few of you have had the opportunity to see some of those developments during HR Tech. Others may have had a glimpse from some of the industry analysts' notes and tweets following our September Industry Analyst Day.
The February 11th event will be specifically for the investment community to share our product and service innovations, and have a dialog around the progress that we continue to make, including how these innovations helped to differentiate ADP in the market. We look forward to welcoming you then, and please be on the lookout for further details in the near future.
With that, I'll turn the call over to the operator to take your questions.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
(Operator Instructions) And our first question comes from Ramsey El-Assal from Barclays. Your line is open.
Damian Wille -- Barclays -- Analyst
Hi. Good morning. This is Damian on for Ramsey. I wanted to ask on the Employer Services bookings guidance. I know you both talked about it at length, but I just wanted to see if you could give any more color on just the quarterly cadence. I know, Kathleen, you mentioned difficult comps coming up in Q4. But maybe just any granularity that you could give would be great. And then just your overall level of confidence to kind of get to the midpoint of that 6% to 8% guidance.
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
I'll let maybe Kathleen make a comment as well. But again, I think if you look at last year's pattern, we -- our second quarter last year was soft, so that would be the easier compare in the fourth quarter because of the acquisition of the client base acquisition from Wells Fargo, I think will be a little more difficult. But we obviously try to apply some judgment on these things, and we obviously have information about individual unit performance and kind of what's happening across regions. And I think what we tried to provide some of the color of our comments is that this quarter, we had very strong, what I would call strong results in our core US businesses, SBS, major accounts and national accounts.
And where we really had some weakness was in international and multinational, and we're looking at the details of that. There were a few large deals in prior year, as well as some deals that didn't close in the first quarter as expected. So that's what gave us some confidence that I think we're still on track for the year despite these kind of quarterly fluctuations because, I think, as Kathleen said and we said many times, for us, bookings is certainly more volatile than revenues.
Obviously, we have a recurring revenue model. But on bookings, the clock was back to zero at the beginning of every -- of every quarter, but we see some underlying strength that gives us some optimism, but we did have some weakness in the international, multinational and that is something that we're looking at. I don't think that it's any major change in the economy because it's been kind of a difficult economic climate for a while in Europe where we have a large business. So again, as we looked at the details, it just looked like typical lumpiness in our bookings.
Kathleen Winters -- Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, I mean, just to follow on that, look, you're always going to have some degree of lumpiness in your quarterly bookings number, right, from -- at least a couple things, right. If you've got larger multinational type deals, that's going to cause some lumpiness and then you've got the year-over-year comps issue. If you've got a tough comp or an easier comp, so you'll always have a little bit of that going on.
And so, importantly, while the quarterly numbers obviously important, I think even more important to look at a longer-term trend, right. When you look at how we've been doing in particular with last year having a really strong and I think record, right, number, $1.6 billion for last year and then 8%. And then on top of that another, what we think is a really solid number, 6% in Q1, when you look at that longer period of time. We're actually feeling pretty pleased with the start to the year. Now, there is, of course, always pockets that are stronger and others that are maybe a little slower out of the gate and Carlos mentioned on the outside of the US having a little bit of lumpiness there. But net-net, we're pretty pleased with the start to the year.
Damian Wille -- Barclays -- Analyst
Yeah, that makes sense. Great. Then maybe I'll zoom out a little bit and ask on overall sort of product strategy at the large enterprise level. I just want to dig in and see how you see your product suite evolving there, sort of in the context of you continuing to invest in Vantage over time and then your strategy -- and your strategy around the Lifion offering?
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Don't forget, we also -- again, one of the highlights for the quarter and frankly, it's been a highlight I have been trying to kind of signal because I'm not sure how it's -- if it's landed yet. But our decision to use workforce now in the lower end of the upmarket. So call it in that 1,000 to 3,000, even though, frankly, it can go higher. We have a couple of clients that have 8,000, 9,000 employees that are on workforce now, but that decision has been great competitively in growth wise.
So, we are selling a lot of units in that kind of lower end of the upmarket. So the ability to use workforce now for -- and it fits certain types of profiles of clients and you can probably imagine, generally speaking, they are large but simpler and the Vantage clients would be more complex and have more complex needs like complex benefits and talent requirements and so forth. And Lifion is still, obviously, an early adopter type of product, even though we're getting great traction. And we told you what -- how we've done in terms of new sales. Given the size of ADP, it's really Workforce Now and Vantage now that are affecting the numbers in terms of the bookings and the revenue. And I think, again, in case if I wasn't clear like -- we had a good quarter even in national accounts in the upmarket, primarily as a result of really good results from Workforce Now.
And so the strategy is the same strategy we've had all along, which is know, I think we've -- we figured out that we have a really great solution for a segment of the market. I think last quarter, I mentioned that we had an external third-party do some analysis for us in terms of segmenting the market. And as usual, one solution doesn't fit the entire market and what we found was that a pretty good size percentage of the market can be addressed by our Workforce Now solution. So, that's what we're doing
And we were right and the analysis was right. And we think the Vantage still addresses another segment of the market and Lifion is more of kind of the emerging solution that we, obviously, have placed a lot of confidence and a lot of -- and a big bet on for the future. But as of today, it's really not having a big impact on the numbers. And I'll add also in terms of just to your question about market dynamic. When we had this meeting in Las Vegas for the HR Tech Conference that I mentioned in my comments, again, early positive signs we had for anyone who was there and I think some of our, some industry analysts and some financial analysts were there. I think it was pretty clear that we are making an impact in the market. So, our lead flow was multiples of what it has been in the past in the upmarket because of the interest in Lifion. But I just want to be cautious in terms of pace here because relative to our $15 billion in revenue, this is not next quarter or three quarters from now, but the signs are very, very positive in the long term as Kathleen mentioned. If you focus on the long term, I think Lifion -- the traction we're getting on Lifion is very, very encouraging.
Damian Wille -- Barclays -- Analyst
Yeah. That's really good. We will keep watching. Thanks.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question comes from Kevin McVeigh from Credit Suisse. Your line is open.
Kevin McVeigh -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst
Great. Thank you. Hey, you're able to reaffirm the revenue despite the lower client interest on kind of funds and extended investment. Was there any kind of offset there, particularly given the incremental headwinds in FX? Seems like you're able to -- maybe from the guide despite those couple of headwinds.
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
I think it goes back to what we were saying about the some of the underlying performance of the business. So as an example, even though we don't give quarterly guidance on retention, you could tell from our comments, I hope that we felt pretty good about it this quarter, so that you could probably read into that, that it improved prior to -- compared to last year's prior first quarter. And as I mentioned before, retention, if you do the math, has a pretty outsized impact on our business both in terms of revenue and frankly, big impact on margin, because for equal growth, you don't have to implement as much business. And so there is a lot of different moving parts that go into the -- into the pot here, but I would point that went out as an area of strength. I think we talked about the strong performance in our core US businesses.
So for the first quarter, we had kind of our three core businesses performing very well in terms of bookings as well. So this is a process of -- from the ground-up of us building this forecast. First, the plan and now the forecast. And I think we have some optimism that we're still in that range. And -- but I just want to point out the retention story because three years or four years ago when it was going the other way, I pointed out that it takes 4 points to 5 points of sales growth of new business bookings growth to offset one point of retention, just because of the way the math works. And so now as retention, as you get a little bit of improvement in retention, that helps a lot in terms of our growth rate.
Kathleen Winters -- Chief Financial Officer
Yes. So as Carlos mentioned, there is a couple things that obviously gave us some headwind or unfavorably versus what we would have been expecting, particularly the FX and the interest from foreign funds. However, when you look at operationally, the fundamental things look really good. As Carlos said, retention is on a steady track upwards, now gets harder and harder the higher up you go, but we are happy to see some level of increase in the first quarter here and bookings were solid for the quarter.
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
And I'll just add that on the client funds interest, we do have -- we had some of this. For the year, it obviously has an impact as we guided, we gave you the information in terms of we're slightly below what we expected to be, but it's not a huge number for this fiscal year.
Kevin McVeigh -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst
Great. And then just, Carlos, to highlight the retention little bit more because, obviously, really nice progress there. Any sense of just the success across the enterprise versus the mid-market versus kind of downstream a little bit, the range on those?
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yes, I do have some sense. My sense is that we're improving a lot. So, we show some signs in terms of the win-loss, what we call balance of trade, some encouraging signs, particularly in our mid-market business. So again, the mid-market now is performing. You've got to be cautious because this is definitely a forward-looking statement, but it's performing according to script. In the sense, if you remember, we took a lot of pain and a lot of effort to migrate all of our clients onto one single strategic platform, which is Workforce Now. And when you looked at the history of what happened in our SBS downmarket business, when we did that, we were optimistic and hopeful that we would have the same kind of traction in our mid-market business and it's beginning to show now.
So, we have improving retention now for, it feels like six quarters or seven quarters, somewhere in that range. I'm being told more. So once we kind of finish the migrations and got through that difficulty, I think our -- we've had steady improvements in retention. This quarter was the second highest retention we've ever had in our mid-market business. And in this quarter, what was very encouraging was to see the level of activity in new business bookings. So the combination of those two things give us a feeling of optimism for what is one of our biggest and most profitable businesses.
Kevin McVeigh -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst
Awesome. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question comes from David Togut from Evercore ISI. Your line is open.
David Togut -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst
Thank you. Good morning. Could you comment on the drivers that you expect to move your PEO revenue growth up from 8% in the recent quarter to 9% to 11%, which is your guide for this year? And then just as a follow-up. At your Analyst Day last year, you gave a multi-year guide of 12% to 14% CAGR for your HRO business and you're trending well below that now. Did you anticipate at the time that the growth rates in the earlier years, double-digits effectively, would slow toward the end of that period, let's say, mid to high single-digit?
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Well, if I can start with the second one first, since I was there at the Analyst -- and after I'd ask Kathleen. I think that as we built the guidance for or I guess the estimates for our three years, we had, I think we've mentioned this a couple of times. We had certain expectations around our pass-through revenue and the inflation of those numbers that had some historical precedent, both around workers' compensation and healthcare. And I think literally within two months of that , the picture changed and we communicated that very clearly and very transparently and frankly, without any anxiety because it doesn't have any impact on our EPS. So if you remember the Investor Day, I think was in June. And I think when we had our August earnings call, I think we brought down significantly for that year at least, the growth rate for the PEO, mainly primarily -- close to almost based on lower inflation.
Now, on top of that, we have had some slowdown in worksite employee growth, which is the core driver, underneath of the real growth of the business. But I think the main driver of this differential from what we communicated at Investor Day has been the lower inflation of the pass-throughs, which again doesn't concern us in a big way because it's zero margin and doesn't really affect our profitability in terms of dollars.
In terms of your question about the behavior of the quarters and so forth, probably beyond the scope of this call. But it's just kind of math in terms of when we have our open enrollment for healthcare in kind of the May, June timeframe, which we've again communicated very transparently when that happens and what happens when that occurs, you tend to have some client churn. So, that drops your worksite employee growth and obviously, revenue growth for the PEO. And then as bookings continue to -- assuming they continue to be robust, you start to build that up again.
And then at the end of calendar year end, you have another event at year-end where you have some churn in the client base in terms of clients that choose to leave at the end of a calendar year because that's more natural. But we also have historically, a lot of bookings in January as well. So, we've been doing this for 20 years. And if we see a difference or a change, we would obviously communicate that. But I think we're just kind of dropping the numbers in, as they are supposed to come in terms of -- based on historical trends.
Christian Greyenbuhl -- Vice President, Investor Relations
David, I would just add. So last quarter, we did say that we would expect to start the year on the lower end of the range and then grow -- and then grow into the range as the year progresses because, obviously, we started with a -- somewhat of a weaker ending worksite employee number in the fourth quarter last year.
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
And I think it's probably worth asking. I mean adding just again in full transparency, I think we said it last quarter, our healthcare renewal was slightly higher than the previous year. So, I wouldn't -- it wasn't anything out of norm in terms of historical, but it was higher than the previous year. And when that -- when we have that happen, you tend to get more shoppers and more -- healthcare cost is a large part of what a small business pays in their overall cost structure of their workforce. And so they tend to shop and look around and so forth, and so we had a little bit more, more churn than, I think than we've had in the prior year.
The good news for us is that we have that issue, but we've been dealing with that for 20 years, but we don't take any risk on healthcare. And so whatever we get in terms of price increases through the carriers, we pass those through to 100%, which is what we call zero margin pass-through. So that eliminates any risk or any surprises in the future, but it also means that you have to have frankly the courage to just pass those costs through and let the chips fall where they may, and the chips fell. And I think you can see from the numbers that the chips didn't fall off the table because there wasn't a collapse in the business or a huge slowdown, but we definitely had a speed bump. And now it's really through new business bookings that we have to regain the momentum and kind of have that ramp up again and reacceleration of the growth rate.
David Togut -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst
Understood. Thank you very much.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question comes from Bryan Bergin from Cowen. Your line is open.
Bryan Bergin -- Cowen and Company -- Analyst
Hi. Good morning. Thank you. Carlos, I wanted to ask your macro view, your outlook on the current employment market. It sounds encouraging based on the performance of the business. But I'm curious how much of that is due to the improved competitive product position versus the underlying demand you might be seeing?
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
It's a great question because it's an important one for us to keep kind of asking ourselves because we do have some things that if they turn on us would put pressure on us. Interest rates, obviously, is one of them, pays per control, et cetera. But we're also feeling pretty good about our product situation, and I think our competitive situation in the marketplace going forward here. So it is, I think it would be a very important question for us to stay focused on here for the next few quarters.
But as of today, when you look at our -- the lagging indicator, so pays per control, it doesn't look like there is a slowdown or a big issue. But if you look at the same things that everyone else would look at, that we have access to and that you have access to in terms of leading indicators like confidence indexes or NFIB, ISM, those types of things, Michigan confidence, there is some concern there and some reason for caution.
In our numbers, the only place where we've seen some, a little bit of softness in pays per control and it doesn't get reflected in our -- in what we report because as we've disclosed prior, this is our auto pay base, which is a very large base of both large employers, mid-sized employers and smaller employers. But we have most of our employees in our RUN platform and there, we've seen a slight downtick in pays per control growth over the prior -- over the prior year.
It doesn't -- when you look at over the 10-year history, I don't think it's anything to be alarmed by. But when you look at other factors, it's certainly a cost for caution. I just happen to look, I think the last couple of days at NFIB and that softened significantly, but it's still well above recession levels. And so, I think we're all -- we're all kind of trying to figure out the same thing here, which is, is this a soft patch or is it kind of a trend line? But with the Fed easing and the consumer still strong like, right now, our plans are that we kind of work our way through this soft patch.
Bryan Bergin -- Cowen and Company -- Analyst
Okay. That's helpful. And then, Kathleen, on just margin expansion progress, any further details you can share on the various transformation initiatives. As you look across the various sources, where are you seeing the most yield and anything surprising as you've had just more time in the seat?
Kathleen Winters -- Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, no, thanks for the question. Obviously, something that I'm really focused on in the organization is really very focused on as well. I mean, just to kind of give some context and kind of big picture when you step back and take a look at what we've done in the last couple of years. I mean, remember back in 2018 we were at a margin rate of 20.7% with a small amount of margin expansion in that year. And then in 2019 when -- fiscal 2019, when we were executing on some really big and meaningful transformation initiatives, you saw that really outsized margin expansion of 160 basis points.
And now, as a reminder, the guide for another 100 basis points to 125 basis points for fiscal 2020. So, a track record here of really consistent margin expansion as we start in fiscal 2020 with Q1, that 60 basis points of margin expansion. We're really happy to see that and very happy that we are on track with how we plan the year. Now, there is a lot of execution and a lot of work behind the scenes going on. But I'd point out that number one, as I started my comments, there is a lot of energy around it and a lot of alignment. And that energy and alignment is around both executing, what I call in-flight projects, as well as developing the pipeline for the future.
So that's really exciting. I talked about on the previous call that most of the margin expansion from a transformation perspective, this year is coming from what we're calling workforce optimization and procurement initiatives. Both are very much on track. From a workforce optimization standpoint, think about that in terms of spans and layers exercise, if you will, in particularly, targeted to management layers. So, that's kind of on track and already executed, with most of that benefit being in fiscal '20, not much from that coming beyond fiscal '20.
And then procurement transformation, there is a lot of projects there. As we look at across all parts of the organization and spend, as we look at volume and we look at policy and we look at our ability to negotiate smartly with vendors and suppliers. There is opportunity there and there's a lot of execution going on. So lot of work by the organization. We're happy with what the team has been doing, happy with the progress, but more to do.
Bryan Bergin -- Cowen and Company -- Analyst
Thank you.
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Hey, Bryan. I just -- one thing just to add, as you think about the margin, because your question, I think was related to margins in particular and obviously, what's driving those. But last year, the first and second quarter, but particularly the second quarter was a very strong growth in margin in that time. And just a reminder, we also had pressure from M&A at the time. So just layer that went on to it as well, as you think about margin cadence last year versus this year.
Bryan Bergin -- Cowen and Company -- Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question comes from David Grossman from Stifel. Your line is open.
David Grossman -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst
Thank you. Good morning. I wonder if I could just follow up with a couple of questions on the PEO. Each of your, kind of larger peers in that space have identified some type of incremental issue with their health insurance book in their most recent reports. And I know you mentioned just higher health premiums and obviously, you pass everything through in your -- in your model. But is there anything else you're seeing in the marketplace that may be impacting the cost of delivering health insurance in the PEO industry?
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
No.
David Grossman -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst
Right. So for you, it's just a straight higher premium and not seeing anything else that I guess you don't really see the claims data, is that right? In terms of how claims may be impacting costs?
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
We don't see individual employee claims data, but we, of course, very, very carefully look at claims data to get some sense with our carriers and partnership with our carriers of what's happening in terms of trends. And maybe I should be a little bit more clear on this premium increase issue. So, I'm not going to give you the exact numbers. I don't think we want to get down that rabbit hole. But the change from this renewal to the prior renewal was, call it, 1 percentage points to 2 percentage points higher on average in the prior year.
So if the previous year, the average renewal increase was 6%, then the next year, it was 7% or 8%. That -- and that increase that year, that was slightly higher, was completely in line with the prior six years or seven years. So, that wasn't -- so there are some ups and downs, but the prior year was the one that was actually exceptional. I think we were very clear about that. I think we talked about that on our calls that we had a really great renewal on our healthcare on average. And remember, this isn't one carrier, these are multiple carriers. We use a number of different carriers to make sure that we have good coverage across the entire -- across the entire country.
And so that was unusual and it helped us competitively. But I think this renewal was not out of line with historical norms and has nothing to do with any kind of -- I think anything that's happening around healthcare is, probably has to do with people's underwriting policies and their own approach to bringing in business and repricing business, because it's not just about the business you bring in. But every year if you're self-insured or you are taking risk, you have the opportunity or the option of passing through or not passing through healthcare costs and you actually have some judgment with your underwriters on what those costs are. And so that's generally -- that's typically what can create a problem in healthcare, but it doesn't appear to us that there is really anything happening broadly in the healthcare industry around PEOs.
David Grossman -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst
And then just on your -- just based on your commentary on workers' comp, I mean I think the whole industry had a tailwind. So if you look at this year's, health increased, plus the workers' comp at a more normalized level. This is really a more typical year for you, right, I mean in terms of the PEO, in terms of those two items?
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
I think that's right. That's fair. And I think on the workers' comp, just again to be clear, it was a -- I think we were clear. But we should say one more time a smaller positive. So, we're not having surprises in terms of losses in workers' comp or any kind of. And by the way, we have a very tight ship there in the sense that we have, as we disclosed in our 10-K, a color that limits our risk in a fairly significant way.
Caps are a downside on workers' comp. So, we have reinsurance on individual claims and then we have a color around our overall loss estimate. So it's quite limited in terms of the volatility. I think the other thing that I would mention is that our business mix hasn't changed, so we look at that very carefully as well. So, we look at the mix of, we call, white collar versus grey collar. But within those categories, you have a lot of different industries and a lot of different categories of people and we don't see any major change there as well.
David Grossman -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst
Okay. Got it. And just the follow-up is kind of a bigger picture for your question, Carlos, is that given the relatively low penetration rates for the industry and that you get a lot of your new clients from -- a client that is already using you for payroll, what are the major objections to somebody enrolling in the PEO, particularly if they're an ADP payroll customer and you already have the payroll records, so the kind of disruption and transition costs and time and effort are substantially lower.
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
I think it's -- it goes back to like, I guess, my first year marketing class in graduate school, which is a high involvement decision, right. So the PEO -- if you go to a small, mid-sized businesses and tell them that you are going to create a co-employment relationship, you're taking over their healthcare plan, your workers' compensation. Remember, all along the way there are -- as an example, there could be a relationship with an insurance agent or a broker that has been providing the healthcare and the workers' comp for the last 10 years, that gets remediated [Phonetic]. You have to -- payrolls is hard enough to convince someone to switch payroll because the people worry about, are you sure you're not going to make a mistake because make sure that it's going to go [Indecipherable].
We obviously have an incredibly strong reputation on payroll that helps us, but the traditional business you're trying to convince, I want to give you your payroll, now you're also trying to convince them to give you everything around their HR department. And so the higher level of trust and it's, again, what I remember being taught is called a high-involvement decision, which takes longer to make and is more difficult to make. So, I honestly don't think that there is really anything that prevents clients from becoming PEO clients and I think we've demonstrated over 20 years that we've convinced a lot of them. And so our Board asked the same question you're asking, which is, can't you convince even more? And we're trying, like we continue to add improvements in the product.
We continue to provide better tools. We continue to enhance our product. We continue to do all the things we can to make it more compelling and easier to use. As an example, I think we've kind of talked about this in the last 18 months. All new business now in the PEO is starting on our Workforce Now platform, which has higher functionality and provides the ability to satisfy slightly larger clients and we could before because it's a mid-market platform. And so, lot of things that we're doing to try to convince as many clients to come over to our PEO solution as possible, I think it's good for them and it's good for -- and it's good for us. But there is really nothing that I can point to other than kind of the difficulties of the convincing of the sale.
David Grossman -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst
All right. Got it. Very helpful. Thank you for that.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question comes from Jason Kupferberg from Bank of America. Your line is open.
Jason Kupferberg -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Hey. Good morning, guys. I just wanted to pick up on some of the margin commentary. I mean, as you rightfully pointed out, the comparison there gets quite a bit harder actually in the second quarter, so just -- so that our expectations are properly calibrated. I mean, do you expect margins to be up in the second quarter year-over-year?
Kathleen Winters -- Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. It's a really tough comp in Q2. Remember last fiscal year Q2, we had over 300 basis points of margin expansion. So it's going to be tough to expand in Q2. Maybe it's flat, slightly up, slightly down. Hard to say exactly because there are so many moving parts, but the way I would think about it is that the bulk of the expansion to come this fiscal year will come in the second half of the year.
Jason Kupferberg -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Yeah. Okay. That's fair. And then just on the bookings front, somewhat similar question, except in reverse, right, because you've got the easy comp there in the second quarter. So, do you need to be above the full-year guidance range in the second quarter just to make sure that you stay on track to achieve the full-year outlook, because then, obviously, the comparisons here get a bit harder in the second half?
Kathleen Winters -- Chief Financial Officer
Above the bookings guidance number in the second quarter?
Jason Kupferberg -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
You need to be above the full-year range in Q2 just to keep yourself on track.
Kathleen Winters -- Chief Financial Officer
Mathematically, yes. So, you're absolutely right. I mean it's -- just stay on that for the full year, you will have more growth in the second quarter and then much less than in Q4.
Jason Kupferberg -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Right, right. Okay. And then just last quick one from me. What will be the drivers of the anticipated acceleration in the WSE growth during the balance of fiscal 2018?
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Selling more new clients then losing clients. It really goes back to the -- I mean I hate to -- I'm not trying to be a smart alec, but it's really the pattern, I think I talked about it a couple of questions ago that when we do [Phonetic] our open enrollment in May and June, we tend to experience some client churn. The sales don't accelerate at the same -- necessarily at the same time. And so you have -- same phenomenon happens sometimes at the end of the calendar year, where you may lose a group of clients and then you bring on new clients at the beginning of the year. But then you also bring on -- so clients tend to not leave at other times of the year, other than a calendar year-end and open enrollment which is May and June. That doesn't mean that none leave. I'm just saying that the skewing is skewed toward those two periods, and the sales are skewed differently. And the combination of those two things is what causes either growth or deceleration in worksite employee growth.
Kathleen Winters -- Chief Financial Officer
Yeah -- no, look, on any of the -- not any, but like a lot of these metrics, when you look at a very short period of time, one quarter, you could have some one-off things happening. And that's what I -- as I said earlier, looking at the trend and the track record over time for things like bookings and worksite employee growth and even margin, right, looking at the trend over time is helpful I find.
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
But again, in this case, we also have -- we have to hit our plan, obviously. I guess, as usual, when we have these calls if -- we're giving you the numbers based on what we expect right now. So if we hit our new business bookings plans and retention stays where we expect it to stay, then you would get the outcomes that you were talking about. But as Kathleen said, there's a lot of other moving parts. If three months to six months from now, the economies in the tank and pays per control is declining, it's going to decline in the PEO, in addition to ES or anywhere else than ADP, and then that would create a headwind. But in the absence of any -- any new information, I think we feel pretty good about the forecast we have.
Jason Kupferberg -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Okay. I appreciate it. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. Our next question comes from Steven Wald from Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.
Steven Wald -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Hey. Good morning. Just maybe a follow-up on the margin expansion path. Looking beyond sort of the next few quarters or even this year, just wanted to talk about the messaging and make sure we were getting proper sense of the drivers there. I think a lot of the talks been around workforce optimization and procurement over the next 12 months or so. But I think one of the things you guys have tried to talk about is the tech improvements or your investments. As you build more of those into your platform, as you're adding them more into what you're doing on a day-to-day basis, can you talk a little bit about how that scale that you're adding or that scalable -- the expense base that you're adding will show up in terms of cost reductions or margin improvement?
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Well, I think, again, back to what Kathleen was talking about in terms of the math, some of this is really about the comparisons rather than anything that we're doing. But we have to help you. We understand that it's important for you guys to understand that. So just as a reminder, last year what happened was, we had, with the voluntary early retirement program, we had a good number of people taking that and then the backfills that we had planned, which was all planned, certain percentage of backfills were delayed. And so that impacted that year. We also got off to a very strong start. For a couple of other reasons, we had other, what we call quick wins at the time around transformation to help us get off to a strong start in the first half.
And I think Kathleen talked about, we had, for us, like an incredibly strong margin improvement. And so it's just a very difficult compare mathematically. As we've been going along, regardless of how the math works, we continue to work on a number of initiatives. This year, obviously, we executed on this spans and layers initiative and then we have a number of other projects around -- procurement is one of them, but we also have a number of kind of automation and digitization projects that I think we're making some progress on.
And when we have our industry -- sorry, our Analyst Day in February, we'll probably share a little bit more around some of those things that we're doing because those are around transformation and innovation as well. So, it's not just about innovating on the product side, but it's also innovating on the implementation and on the service side. And we've gotten some good traction in some of our businesses, which allows our productivity to improve, while still for our associates, while still improving our NPS scores and our client satisfaction, which by the way were up again this quarter and no surprises, retention is improving. So, we usually assign that client satisfaction is still -- is still high.
So again, the trick here is you want to -- you want to transform your cost structure. But you don't want to like lose all the clients in the meantime. And for now, we've been able to balance both of those and that's our plan here for the next year or two.
Steven Wald -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Yeah. Fair enough. And then maybe just one quick follow-up. I noticed the buyback a little bit higher than we've seen in the last year or so. Just could you provide any commentary on how you're thinking about the pace there going forward?
Kathleen Winters -- Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. So, really no change in terms of how we're thinking about that and our strategy. We've talked about, we intend to buy back 1% of the share base and we've been executing along those lines. So really no change. We look all the time at the market conditions. And look, if there is some opportunity where there is a big downturn in the market and we want to become more active, maybe we'll do that, I don't know. But we constantly, we watch that, we look at and we talk about it all the time, but as of now, no particular change.
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Again, one little statistic because we happen to notice these things when we prepare for these calls. Because now again like, it seems like 20 years of information. So, we've reduced our share count by 30% since the early 2000s and so we intend to continue to stay on that pace. And so, obviously, it's a marathon for a company like we're kind of proud that -- it's a marathon. We've been around for seven years. And at 1% per year, it adds up. And it certainly has added up in the last 20 years to the tune of 30% share reduction. I think that companies are in a different stage of development where they're getting dilution and adding shares to their share count. We think we're going to win this marathon.
Steven Wald -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
All right. Great, thanks.
Operator
Thank you. And we'll take our final question from Bryan Keane from Deutsche Bank. Your line is open.
Bryan Keane -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Hi, guys. Just a quick -- two quick clarifications. On the PEO margin, it was below Street, but it didn't sound like it was really below your expectations. And it sounds like there was a tougher comp to the ADP Indemnity. So, can you maybe just talk to that and how that looks going forward on the margin side?
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, no, I think that's -- I think that's a fair characterization. I think that, as usual, there is -- there is a -- we try to obviously be as straight as we can be. Because sometimes there is a slight disconnect between what we're expecting versus -- since we don't give quarterly guidance. But the results, I think were on that specific topic, I think we are in line with our expectations.
Kathleen Winters -- Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, it was definitely in line with how we expected to start the year.
Bryan Keane -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
And then just a cadence how we think about that going forward on the margin for PEO?
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
That's a good -- that's a good question. I think that what if -- when you look at the annual guidance, which I think was down flat to 25 down?
Kathleen Winters -- Chief Financial Officer
Down to 25.
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
I'm sorry, by basis points, I think that was the guidance if you take our first quarter number. I would for now assume ratably margin improvement over the course of the rest of the year because these quarterly fluctuations in ADP Indemnity are not something that is something that we can have -- we don't have any real visibility into that. And again, just as a reminder, part of why we've done this is, if you remember a couple of years ago, we had some criticism around our disclosures. So, we had our client funds interest and Indemnity being handled in the kind of other category, which allowed us to not have these questions and not kind of mix up the results of those businesses. But as usual, there are two sides to every story. And so I think the criticism was, those things really belong in the results of the business unit, fair enough.
So we made that -- we made that change and now we are saddled with every quarter, having to explain any kind of fluctuations here because what really matters is the underlying health of the business. We don't take enough risk in that business for it's a matter. But you can't get because of the size of the business. If you get a $5 million fluctuation, which is what we had this quarter up or down, it affects the numbers. But it doesn't really say anything about what's happening in the underlying business, but it is what it is. We now report Indemnity in the PEO, and we're going to have to every quarter be able to give you that kind of color. And likewise in Employer Services, we now have client funds interest. And so now that creates some variability in that business as well.
Kathleen Winters -- Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, so with the down -- with the flat to down 25 basis points and down 70 basis points in Q1, you'll see that just mathematically it ramps. But again, it's going to depend on the ADP Indemnity and how that comes through during the balance of the year.
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
It was certainly easier when we didn't have ADP indemnity in the PEO. But -- because nothing -- again, we've been doing that for 20 years. We handled it. We're not -- by the way, we're handling exactly the same way as we've always handle it. It's just a different accounting for it. That's all.
Operator
Thank you. And this does conclude our question-and-answer portion for today. I am pleased to hand the program over to Carlos Rodriguez for any closing remarks.
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Well, thanks very much. You can tell, we feel pretty good about the start to 2020. We're obviously trying to change a lot of things. We've talked a lot about transformation. We'll share more with you when we have our Innovation Day here in February. But we're focused on execution. As I think Kathleen alluded to, there still a lot of execution in front of us, but we still -- we try to continue to be focused on our clients and our associates. And our associates are doing a phenomenal job as evidenced by our continuing improvements in our NPS scores.
Obviously, we feel good about what happened with HR Tech, with our Lifion debut. So, I think that gives us some optimism. We're very excited about what's happened in the mid-market business here in the first quarter. So, I continue to be very proud of our organization and the resiliency of the organization and the transformation efforts that they continue to execute on. So, we look forward to giving you more updates in the time to come, and we thank you for joining our call today.
Thank you.
Operator
[Operator Closing Comments]
Duration: 65 minutes
Call participants:
Christian Greyenbuhl -- Vice President, Investor Relations
Carlos Rodriguez -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Kathleen Winters -- Chief Financial Officer
Damian Wille -- Barclays -- Analyst
Kevin McVeigh -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst
David Togut -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst
Bryan Bergin -- Cowen and Company -- Analyst
David Grossman -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company -- Analyst
Jason Kupferberg -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Steven Wald -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Bryan Keane -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
