Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, inc (IRWD) Q3 2021 Earnings Call Transcript

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Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, inc (IRWD -3.22%)
Q3 2021 Earnings Call
Nov 4, 2021, 8:30 a.m. ET

Contents:

• Prepared Remarks
• Questions and Answers
• Call Participants

Prepared Remarks:

Operator

Good morning My name is Rob, and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the Ironwood Pharmaceuticals Third Quarter 2021 Investor Update Call. [Operator Instructions] Thank you. Matt Roache, Director of Investor Relations, you may begin your conference.

Matt Roache -- Director, Investor Relations

Good morning, and thanks for joining us for our third quarter 2021 investor update. Our press release crossed the wire this morning and can be found on our website. Today's call and accompanying slides include forward-looking statements. Such statements involve risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially. A discussion of these statements and risk factors is available on the current safe harbor statement slide as well as under the heading Risk Factors in our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021, and in our future SEC filings. All forward-looking statements speak as of the date of this presentation, and we undertake no obligation to update such statements. Also included are non-GAAP financial measures, which will be considered only as a supplement to and not a substitute for or superior to GAAP measures.

To the extent applicable, please refer to the tables at the end of our press release for reconciliations of these measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures. During today's call, Tom McCourt, our CEO, will provide an update on progress toward our strategic priorities and commercial performance of LINZESS. Mike Shetzline, our Chief Medical Officer, will provide an update on our pipeline, including the option agreement with COUR Pharmaceuticals that we announced this morning; and Jason Rickard, our Chief Operating Officer, will wrap up with a review of our financial results and guidance. We will be referring to slides via the webcast. For those of you dialing in, please go to the Events section of our website to access the slides. With that, I will turn the call over to Tom.

Thomas McCourt -- Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Matt. Good morning, everyone, and thanks for joining us today. We closed another strong quarter in 2021, driven once again by double-digit LINZESS prescription demand growth year-over-year. This morning, we announced that we have expanded our pipeline by entering into an option agreement with COUR Pharmaceuticals, which we'll review in more detail in a few minutes. We're coming out of a terrific American College of Gastroenterology meeting. where we presented new findings from a survey on the impact of abdominal symptoms in adult patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. In addition, we gave an oral presentation and presented four other posters, one of which received ACG's Presidential Poster Award. I couldn't be more proud of the team's execution and the work we're doing to advance treatment in GI diseases and redefine standard of care for GI patients.

Let's start with a few overview of our strategic imperatives as well as our strategic priorities. Our strategy starts with maximizing LINZESS. Since launch in 2012, LINZESS continues to experience accelerated demand and widespread acceptance among healthcare practitioners as a leading prescription treatment for adults with IBS-C and chronic constipation. In the third quarter, LINZESS total prescription demand grew 12% versus the prior year quarter, and new-to-brand prescription growth continued to outpace the market. Next, we are looking to build an innovative portfolio both through the development of internal assets and through bringing external therapies that target serious organic GI diseases. Mike will be providing an update on our pipeline. Finally, we're committed to delivering sustainable profits and cash flow. We had another impressive quarter on the bottom line and ended the third quarter with $574 million in cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet.

We're taking a thoughtful and disciplined approach to capital allocation in an effort to maximize return to our shareholders as we continue to explore growth opportunities with the same high bar we've always had. Now I will turn it over to Mike to discuss our pipeline. Mike?

Michael Shetzline -- Chief Medical Officer, Senior Vice President and Head of Research and Development

Thanks, Tom, and good morning, everyone. We're advancing our pipeline through the development of IW-3300, our wholly owned asset for the potential treatment of visceral pain conditions, such as interstitial cystitis, pain syndrome and endometriosis. We're on track with the IND application to the FDA this year and the start of the clinical program in the first quarter of 2022. In addition to IW-3300, we're excited to announce that we entered into an option agreement with COUR to acquire an exclusive license to develop and commercialize in the U.S. CNP-104, which we believe, if successful, may have the potential to transform the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis, otherwise known as PBC, a rare autoimmune disease targeting the liver that affects an estimated 133,000 people in the U.S. COUR's novel approach uses a biodegradable nanoparticle encapsulating PDC-E2, which is the autoantigen believed to be responsible for the autoimmune pathology of primary biliary cholangitis.

COUR's proprietary platform combines PDC-E2 with state-of-the-art pharmaceutical nanoparticles to tolerize the immune system and potentially eliminate the immune cell bile duct destruction present in PBC. COUR's platform has shown proof of technology in clinical and preclinical settings, further demonstrating the opportunity for the platform to treat PBC. Currently, there is no therapy that addresses the root cause of the autoimmune destruction of the bile ducts in PBC, which can result in profound fatigue and pruritus as well as other symptoms and, not uncommonly, can lead to irreversible damage and scarring of the liver, ultimately requiring liver transplant. We believe CNP-104 has the potential to shift the treatment paradigm in PBC with the opportunity to be the first disease-modifying therapy for PBC. Collaborating with COUR allows us to move our strategy forward through an expansion of our pipeline, leveraging our deep relationship with gastroenterologists and advancing innovation via differentiated opportunities like CNP-104.

We believe COUR's expertise in immune reprogramming and Ironwood's development and commercial strength as well as our reach in the GI disease area presents an opportunity to help introduce a potentially new game-changing therapy to patients in significant need of new treatment options. We're thrilled to be collaborating with COUR, which expects to begin a clinical trial for CNP-104 this year. Jason will provide more detail on the agreement later on the call. Going forward, we'll continue to share new updates as our pipeline development progresses. Now back to Tom to discuss the commercial performance of LINZESS.

Thomas McCourt -- Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Mike. LINZESS continues to deliver a remarkably strong performance in the third quarter, powered by both new patients and refill volume, further reinforcing its position as the number one prescribed medicine in the U.S. for the treatment of adults with IBS-C and chronic constipation. As I mentioned earlier, LINZESS prescription demand grew 12% year-over-year, resulting in U.S. net sales of $253 million. This strong performance reaffirms our confidence that LINZESS has the potential to exceed $1 billion in U.S. net sales in the near future. We believe that the impressive demand growth we're seeing with LINZESS continues to be the result of strong execution of our commercial strategy and fueled by a few sustainable drivers. First, our clinical focus on constipation plus overall abdominal symptoms is a key differentiator for LINZESS relative to the needs of adult IBS-C patients, who often are burdened by bloating, pain and discomfort.

Second, we believe our consumer promotional efforts are encouraging more potential patients to seek information, as evidenced by the increased visits to linzess.com and the growing new patient starts. Telemedicine also continues to help make physician care easily accessible for IBS-C and chronic constipation patients. Third, our professional promotion efforts focused on gastroenterologists and high-prescribing primary care physicians are nearing pre-COVID levels and are having a positive impact on our overall selling effort. Finally, our class-leading payer access continues to be paramount to the success of the brand. LINZESS recently became preferred brand across all commercial formularies for yet another major payer in the U.S. And we expect LINZESS will continue to maintain class-leading unrestricted access in 2022. We continue to advance a number of life cycle management opportunities with the goal of increasing the clinical utility of LINZESS.

As we mentioned in August, I am very pleased that the FDA approved our proposed modification to the LINZESS label based on clinical data generated in pediatric studies. The updated label modifies the box warning for the risk of serious dehydration and contraindication against the use of children in those less than two years of age. The box warning and contraindication previously applied to all children less than 18 years of age and less than six years of age, respectively. As a reminder, LINZESS is not currently approved for use in patients under 18 years of age. The warning on the LINZESS label at launch was primarily applied due to preclinical findings. And there was an absence of any clinical data in the pediatric population at that time. Since that time, we've been generating clinical data in pediatrics to better characterize the potential benefit risk profile of linaclotide in this population.

This important label update reflects the clinical and safety data that has been generated to date in children two to 18 years of age. As soon as all the ongoing planned pediatric studies with linaclotide are completed, we plan to engage the FDA on potential additional label updates to reflect all the pediatric clinical and safety data that will be generated. Looking ahead, we're focused on delivering value to our patients and shareholders. We're confident in the strategy and the opportunities that we see ahead to improve lives of millions of patients suffering from GI diseases. We believe the growth investments we're making positions our company for long-term success. GI symptom and CI disorders can be severe and debilitating, often ranked near the top of the list for reasons why patients seek medical care.

In most cases, these disorders have limited or no treatment options, creating urgency around the need for new and innovative treatment options. To address this problem, we have built a strong experienced team that is focused on pursuing innovative assets in GI with significant medical need and strong scientific rationale. This is what drives us every day at Ironwood. And I would like to thank all the employees, patients, caregivers and advocates in the GI community for their shared dedication to supporting our efforts in this underserved market. I'll now turn the call over to Jason to review our financial performance. Jason?

Jason Rickard -- Senior Vice President, Chief Operating Officer

Thanks, Tom, and good morning, everyone. I have a few updates to provide today. First, I'll walk through our Q3 financial performance, then touch on our capital allocation strategy and provide more specifics on our agreement with COUR. And finally, I'll review our 2021 guidance. Please refer to our press release for our detailed financial information. Moving to LINZESS. U.S. net trade sales grew 5% compared to the third quarter of 2020 driven by robust prescription demand growth, partially offset by net price and inventory channel fluctuations. For the balance of 2021, we expect that the impressive LINZESS prescription demand growth will sustain, and we'll continue to expect mid-single-digit price erosion. Regarding the channel, using fewer inventory channel fluctuations to date in 2021, which has resulted in favorable net sales growth in the first half of the year and is resulting in a dampening of net sales growth in the second half of the year, as was the case in the third quarter, and is expected to continue through the fourth quarter.

Through the third quarter, net sales growth is up 11% year-to-date. And we continue to expect to meet our net sales growth guidance of between 6% and 8% for the full year. Turning to LINZESS brand profitability. Commercial margin in the third quarter was 74% versus 78% in the third quarter of 2020. I'd like to point out that the lower commercial margin versus the same period last year was primarily the result of an increase in mix selling expense in the third quarter of 2021 versus the third quarter of 2020, when we did not execute as many in-person details due to COVID-19 restrictions. As you may recall, our selling expenses related to virtual call details and overhead during the first three quarters of 2020 were adjusted in the fourth quarter of last year. We continue to seek to expand margins over time through growing LINZESS net sales and disciplined investment behind the brand.

In the third quarter of 2021, Ironwood revenues were $104 million driven by $100 million in the LINZESS U.S. collaboration revenues, which were flat year-over-year due to net sales growth being offset by higher selling expense versus last year, as I just mentioned. Now to Ironwood's profitability. We delivered GAAP net income of $56 million in the third quarter of 2021, and adjusted EBITDA was $65 million. Moving to cash and capital allocation priorities. In the third quarter, we generated $75 million in cash flow from operations and ended the quarter with $574 million in cash and cash equivalents, up from $363 million at the end of 2020. As a growth company, we're focused on identifying and investing in opportunities that create the most value for our patients and shareholders over the long term. We're positioning our company for future success, which includes continued investment pipeline tests and expanding our innovative pipeline of assets, such as the agreement announced this morning with COUR.

And as we previously disclosed in the second quarter of 2021, we have received authorization from our Board to buy back up to $150 million of our outstanding shares of common stock through December 2022. We are fortunate to have a strong balance sheet, which we believe positions us well for continued growth. Before moving to our financial guidance, I'd like to provide more detail on the option agreement with COUR. Under the terms of the agreement, we will make an upfront, nonrefundable payment of $6 million to COUR and additional payments of $4 million upon commencement of COUR's clinical study for CNP-104, $2 million upon receipt of FDA Fast Track designation for CNP-104 and approximately $7.5 million to perform the study. We expect approximately $10 million of such near-term payments to hit the P&L in the fourth quarter of 2021 with the remaining of such payments to be incurred between 2022 and 2023.

After we review the data from COUR's study, if we exercise the option, we will pay COUR $35 million in exchange for an exclusive license to develop and commercialize CNP-104 in the U.S. for the treatment of PBC. Additionally, we will pay royalties to COUR in the high single digits to low double-digit percentage of the aggregated annual net sales in the U.S. for products containing CNP-104. And COUR will be eligible to receive commercial milestone payments of up to $440 million over the term of the agreement. We're excited to be collaborating with COUR to potentially help transform the treatment of PBC. CNP-104 fits squarely within the framework and guiding principles of our business development strategy. Going forward, we're looking at bringing assets similar to CNP-104 that are highly differentiated, target clear unmet medical needs and have clear decision points.

And we continue to see these types of opportunities in the market. Turning to our 2021 financial guidance. In addition to invest U.S. net sales growth between 6% to 8%, we continue to expect total Ironwood revenue of $390 million to $410 million and adjusted EBITDA of greater than $210 million. We believe our continued financial performance, strong balance sheet and disciplined approach to capital allocation positions us well to continue to invest in our business and pursue additional opportunities in the GI space. I'll now turn the call back over to Tom for closing remarks before Q&A.

Thomas McCourt -- Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Jason, and thanks, everyone, for joining our call this morning. I'm extremely proud of our financial performance this quarter and of our team's continued dedication to our vision of becoming the country's leading GI healthcare company. We look forward to updating you on our progress and on our 2022 outlook at the upcoming JPMorgan Healthcare Conference in early January. Operator, you may now open up the lines for questions.

Questions and Answers:

Operator

[Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of Eric Joseph from JPMorgan. Your line is open.

Hannah Temiloluwa Adeoye -- JPMorgan -- Analyst

Hi. Good morning. This is Hannah on for Eric. So just first with regard to the COUR deal. Just wondering how the mechanism and clinical potential of CNP-104 contrasts with the other assets being developed for PBC. And can you speak to some of the properties of the candidate with respect to administration and dosing?

Thomas McCourt -- Chief Executive Officer

Sure. I'll have Mike Shetzline, our Head of Medical, take that question.

Michael Shetzline -- Chief Medical Officer, Senior Vice President and Head of Research and Development

Yes. Thanks for the question. So as you're probably aware, current therapies directed at PBC are primarily derivatives of bile acids, things like URSO and things like Ocaliva. So what we're trying to achieve with the COUR asset is actually very much a disease-modifying effect because the platform actually is directed toward tolerizing the immune system. So what PBC is, it's an autoimmune disease and the antigen responsible for the pathology of the disease that we believe today is the PDC-E2 antigen.

What the COUR asset does is it takes that antigen, encapsulates it in nanoparticles. Those nanoparticles get directed primarily to the liver and spleen. In those organs, the immune system, when they see the antigen, the PDC-E2, they recognize it and tolerize to it. So they become anergic or less responsive or sometimes not responsive and would not then continue the autoimmune destruction of the bile duct cells. That's the pathology of PBC.

So in principle, the COUR asset targets the root cause of PBC, the autoimmune destruction of the bile duct cells. Current therapies try to manage the disease by mimicking the bile acids, too. Does that answer your question?

Hannah Temiloluwa Adeoye -- JPMorgan -- Analyst

Yes. And can you speak a little bit just to the properties of the molecule, how it's administered and how you guys are currently dosing?

Michael Shetzline -- Chief Medical Officer, Senior Vice President and Head of Research and Development

Yes, certainly. Yes. So currently, the dosing for the first-in-human study will be IV dosing, given two doses, one week apart. And the evidence so far to date in clinical and preclinical models suggest that, that could be sufficient to adequately tolerize patients to the PDC-E2 antigen.

Thomas McCourt -- Chief Executive Officer

So I mean from a commercial opportunity, as we look at this, obviously, this is a highly symptomatic disease. It's quite serious. It could be quite debilitating in the long term. And to have a drug like this that could be a disease-modifying agent, obviously, it could be a huge breakthrough. And you can imagine the value that could be created for patients. So I think the way we structured the deal and certainly the clinical development pathway really gives us a clear line of sight to a decision point, whether we move on or not.

But we're very excited about the opportunity. We're very excited about the science. And I think we're looking forward to working with COUR in moving this asset forward.

Hannah Temiloluwa Adeoye -- JPMorgan -- Analyst

Great. And just looking on CT.gov, it looks like the primary study has a 120-day primary study period before the follow-up period. Just wondering when you expect to see data and how that data on hand and how soon after receiving that data, you have to make the option decision.

Michael Shetzline -- Chief Medical Officer, Senior Vice President and Head of Research and Development

Yes. So good question. So as you know, this is a first-in-human study. So it is a 120-day study that we're proposing. We actually -- as you mentioned, COUR and our strategy is understanding GI diseases and disorders, which we have a good understanding of the mechanism of action, the pathology and the ability to interpret the data to understand the clinical value. And this approach in PBC delivers all that. That's why we're very excited about the opportunity. So we're working currently with COUR.

We're going to have opportunities to check on study progress and also look at some of the objective endpoints within the study, like the biochemistries involved in the liver pathology, things like the alkaline phosphatase, which is a recognized marker for not only disease progression but also improvement in PBC and also the immune-modifying aspects of the platform -- or of the COUR asset, where we can actually look at the response to the T cells in patients with PBC to understand their reactivity to the PDC-E2 antigen.

You can actually see that improve hopefully, that's obviously the goal of the therapy, during treatment. So we'll need to sort of get that data through the study. They're obviously the -- we'll be drawing through the study. And we do hope that integrating all that clinical data will give us clear decision-making for the exercise of the option.

Hannah Temiloluwa Adeoye -- JPMorgan -- Analyst

Great. Thanks for taking the question.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of David Lebowitz from Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.

David Lebowitz -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst

When you look at the asset CNP-104, I guess could you tell us a little bit more about the indication? How is it currently managed? How is it actually -- how impactful it is on these individuals' day-to-day lives?

Thomas McCourt -- Chief Executive Officer

Mike, do you want to take that?

Michael Shetzline -- Chief Medical Officer, Senior Vice President and Head of Research and Development

Sure. So PBC is a very chronic and debilitating disease. It, not uncommonly, progresses to a degree of liver function -- liver dysfunction and bile duct destruction that can ultimately lead to a need for liver transplant. So it's a very serious medical condition. On the way to that, patients suffer very -- clinically detrimental fatigue and pruritus. The itching can be quite debilitating. And the current therapies are ursodeoxycholic acid or URSO.

And then for URSO failures, for people intolerant, they can take Ocaliva. So those current therapies are bile acid derivatives. So they help increase the liver bile flow. So note that when we talk about what's happening in the liver to patients with PBC, they get bile duct destruction, they get fibrosis. And that impedes the flow of liver through the liver -- through the bile ducts and out into the digestive system. And that impedance to the bile flow is one of the things that drive some of the symptoms.

But again, we're managing that through bile flow. Those therapies do not treat the underlying cause of the disease, which is that immune destruction of the bile duct cells. And that's what CNP-104 is targeted to do. By taking the PDC-E2 antigen, its goal is to reeducate the immune system or how the body responds to that antigen, whereas in the PBC patient, that would destroy the bile ducts.

By reeducating the T cells, the therapy has the potential to eliminate that destruction or reverse that destruction and provide a better immune profile, meaning that bile duct destruction could potentially cease and patients should have a very clear disease-modifying and much better course and may even obviate the disease course if it were to completely reprogram the T cells.

David Lebowitz -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst

If you look at the landscape right now and other drugs in development for PBC, how do you see this therapy as compared to them in terms of the promise?

Michael Shetzline -- Chief Medical Officer, Senior Vice President and Head of Research and Development

Yes. So along the same lines, many of the therapies that are even being considered like and such still focus on that bile acid mechanism or the bile acid mimics. So they still try to approach the PBC patient from just enhancing bile flow to the liver. So really, that competitive landscape is pretty much consumed by these assets that improve liver flow but don't really get to the underlying mechanism of the T cell destruction.

Thomas McCourt -- Chief Executive Officer

Yes. I think as we've talked to a number of the hepatology experts, I mean, this identification of the antigen and the specificity of the target, they're very excited about this as being really the first disease-modifying agent that we've been able to have and certainly will be -- it could be a real breakthrough for patient treatment. So I think, Dave, we're very excited about the opportunity for this to be a game changer and really be -- and really position it all alone in this space.

David Lebowitz -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst

And last question on -- as far as path forward. What would we expect on, I guess, the path to market as far as what trials are needed and then timing?

Thomas McCourt -- Chief Executive Officer

Mike, as far as the trials, have you acquired -- to get approved?

Michael Shetzline -- Chief Medical Officer, Senior Vice President and Head of Research and Development

Yes, sure. So clearly, this is the initial study as we have proposed. And we're going to really need that data set to understand the benefit/risk, the current clinical data that the platform has demonstrated to be safe and well tolerated. This is a new patient population in PBC patients. So this will be new data in that patient population. We'll absolutely need to see the data from this initial study to really inform what the next subsequent studies would be -- how they would be designed and also obviously have an engagement with the agency.

But this is sort of an orphan and rare type disease, which means usually, we can have options that could be more expeditious to market. But again, it is premature today to sort of get too granular without any data in patients.

Thomas McCourt -- Chief Executive Officer

Yes. I think, David, that's one of the things that's also attractive to us is with -- the potential designation by the FDA for accelerated review as a priority. The time to market also could quite be -- depending on the clinical outcome of this study, could really be attractive. And it's part of the reason why we see a significant value here as we move forward.

David Lebowitz -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst

Got it. Thank you for taking my question.

Operator

[Operator Instructions] Your next question comes from the line of Tim Chiang from Northland Capital. Your line is open.

Tim Chiang -- Northland Capital -- Analyst

Hi. Thanks. I'm just looking at the COUR website. And I guess their target for data would be the first quarter of 2023. And I just wanted to sort of go back. Are there -- is there orphan drug status already with this CNP-104?

Thomas McCourt -- Chief Executive Officer

Mike?

Michael Shetzline -- Chief Medical Officer, Senior Vice President and Head of Research and Development

Yes. I think COUR can exactly confirm that, but I think that's the case.

Tim Chiang -- Northland Capital -- Analyst

And I was also looking at the ClinicalTrials.gov website. And it looks like the inclusion criteria for this Phase IIa study, I guess, it's -- is it treatment failure patients that have failed on, I guess, standard of care? Is that right?

Michael Shetzline -- Chief Medical Officer, Senior Vice President and Head of Research and Development

Yes. It's in patients who have failed either URSO, who are intolerant to URSO and/or Ocaliva. And Ocaliva is currently available for people who can't tolerate or fail URSO. And again, they're the bile acid derivatives that I mentioned earlier.

Tim Chiang -- Northland Capital -- Analyst

What is the failure rate with current meds? Is it pretty high?

Michael Shetzline -- Chief Medical Officer, Senior Vice President and Head of Research and Development

Yes, it's a range. So it's up to potentially 40%. But I think it's important to understand that even with patients on URSO or Ocaliva, this mechanism is very much synergistic in terms of it wouldn't -- if this first asset proves successful and we can tolerize the immune system, then clearly, that benefit applies to people even on URSO or even on Ocaliva. We'll start to do studies to demonstrate that, don't get me wrong. But I'm really trying to distinguish the fact that this immune-modifying profile is distinct and unique from what patients get when they take URSO or Ocaliva.

Thomas McCourt -- Chief Executive Officer

I think, Tim, the other -- a piece of this is this could be this disease-modifying agent that obviously, initially will probably look at -- in those failures. When you think about how debilitating and problematic PBC is, there's certainly an opportunity for these two treatments, as Mike mentioned, to work together. And over time, it would probably be pulled up into earlier therapy. So it can indeed be a disease-modifying agent.

Tim Chiang -- Northland Capital -- Analyst

Okay. And I guess on the BD front, I mean, obviously, you're looking for additional assets to bring in on the pipeline side. I think you had mentioned celiac disease previously. Is that still an area of interest?

Thomas McCourt -- Chief Executive Officer

Yes, it is. We've talked about -- and certainly pancreatitis. We've talked about celiac disease, which is an area of interest. There's a lot of activity in this space that look attractive in addition to this opportunity in PBC.

Tim Chiang -- Northland Capital -- Analyst

Okay. Great. Thanks.

Thomas McCourt -- Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Tim.

Operator

[Operator Closing Remarks]

Duration: 23 minutes

Call participants:

Matt Roache -- Director, Investor Relations

Thomas McCourt -- Chief Executive Officer

Michael Shetzline -- Chief Medical Officer, Senior Vice President and Head of Research and Development

Jason Rickard -- Senior Vice President, Chief Operating Officer

Hannah Temiloluwa Adeoye -- JPMorgan -- Analyst

David Lebowitz -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst

Tim Chiang -- Northland Capital -- Analyst

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