ZoomInfo Technologies (ZI) Q4 2023 Earnings Call Transcript

ZoomInfo Technologies (ZI 4.13%)
Q4 2023 Earnings Call
Feb 12, 2024, 4:30 p.m. ET

Contents:

• Prepared Remarks
• Questions and Answers
• Call Participants

Prepared Remarks:

Operator

Good day, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the ZoomInfo fourth quarter and full year 2023 financial results conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. After the speakers' presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session.

[Operator instructions] Again, please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, Jerry Sisitsky, investor relations. Please go ahead.

Jerry Sisitsky -- Investor Relations

Thanks, Jamie. Welcome, everyone, to ZoomInfo's financial results conference call for the fourth quarter and full year 2023. With me on the call today are Henry Schuck, founder and CEO of ZoomInfo; and Cameron Hyzer, our CFO. After their remarks, we will open the call to Q&A.

During this call, any forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. securities laws. Expressions of future goals, including business outlook, expectations for future financial performance, and similar items, including, without limitation, expressions using the terminology may, will, expect, anticipate, and believe; and expressions which reflect something other than historical facts are intended to identify. Forward-looking statements forward looking statements involve a number of risks and uncertainties, including those discussed in the risk factors sections of our SEC filings.

Actual results may differ materially from any forward-looking statements. The company undertakes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements in order to reflect events that may arise after this conference call except as required by law. For more information, please refer to the forward-looking statements in the slides posted to our investor relations website at ir.zoominfo.com. All metrics on this call are non-GAAP unless otherwise noted.

A reconciliation can be found in the financial results press release or in the IR slides posted to our IR website. And with that, I'll turn the call over to Henry.

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Thank you, Jerry, and welcome, everyone. We ended the year on a more positive note with revenue, profitability, and cash flow that exceeded our guidance. Revenue for the fourth quarter was $316 million, and adjusted operating income was $126 million, a margin of 40%, both ahead of the guidance we provided. For the full year, we delivered $1.24 billion in revenue, generating nearly $500 million in adjusted operating income and converting 93% of that into unlevered free cash flow.

During the quarter, we purchased approximately 10 million shares of ZoomInfo stock for $153 million. We're confident that these repurchases will drive a meaningful economic return for our shareholders, and we will continue to aggressively repurchase shares as we take advantage of disconnects between our share price and the intrinsic value of our growing, profitable, and cash-flow-generative business. That being said, since early 2022, we have been managing through the challenges of a weaker macro environment, which is particularly impacted the software industry, our largest vertical. Overall, software has contracted while all other industries are growing.

New businesses performed well, while NRR has declined as the pullback in the software vertical has disproportionately impacted our existing customer base, resulting in fewer upsells and more seat downsells. However, our demand and sales velocity for new business was our best ever. We closed the most new logos on record in Q4, our in-month create-and-close win rate for December was the highest we've ever had in a single month, and our median sales cycle shortened significantly year over year. Last year, I said that we would make key investments in data accuracy and data coverage by growing our contributory networks and doubling down on the AI and machine learning we use to keep data fresh and accurate.

Today, nine out of 10 times a customer looks for a contact, we deliver a match. That's up from seven out of 10 times at the start of 2023. Those investments resulted in a 23% year-over-year increase in our net promoter score, while NPS attributed to our data asset disproportionately increased by more than 50%. Our significant investment in data quality and breadth didn't just improve customer sentiment.

Q3 and Q4 '23 were both our biggest win-back quarters on record with more than 550 customers who left us returning to our platform. Sales teams are loud advocates for having the best tools to hit their quotas. And when management makes a decision to buy cheap, they are ultimately forced to buy twice. Those 550 customers who left for the promise of just good enough data realize that winning just one incremental deal per rep using ZoomInfo is worth far more than any potential cost savings from a low-quality, low-cost provider.

Another example is a marketing demand generation business that tried out a cheaper competitor hoping to save money. This is a company whose entire business model is built on driving appointments, demand, and sales for technology companies. Data inputs are critical to their success. They were so dissatisfied that they came back to us just months after leaving to perform a head-to-head test of data quality.

Ultimately, they told us that "the difference was night and day, and the data quality platform integrations and direct dials from this provider couldn't even compare to ours." While the price was cheaper elsewhere, the actual cost of leaving ZoomInfo was extraordinarily high as the customer missed out on the countless opportunities that their sales reps could have had. A publicly traded multinational MSP and provider of technology solutions turned off ZoomInfo for a cheaper alternative. As they started preparing for the new year, they realized that they needed to fundamentally change their go-to-market strategy, and they conducted an extensive RFP process to find the right solution. They came back to ZoomInfo because we were able to help them with all of their key initiatives for go-to-market success, ramping up new account executives, increasing sales efficiency, driving sales and marketing alignment, and actually leveraging AI.

A high-growth industrial diagnostics company switched from ZoomInfo as the economic environment got more challenging. Within months, their frustrations around data quality, integrations, workflows, and sales efficiency boiled over so much that their sales leadership insisted on a change and made the easy decision to return to us. They bought cheap, then they bought twice. From accurate mobile phone coverage to thermographic and location data, to seamless integrations with CRM and workflows, when your go-to-market efforts necessitate demand generation at scale, doing it with a low-cost, low-quality provider creates an immense amount of waste.

Many of the largest and most sophisticated companies in the world are going all-in on our data insights and automation. And in Q4, we added the most new enterprise customers since 2022. Four out of the five largest market capitalization companies in the world use ZoomInfo, and we currently have more than 60% of the Fortune 100 as customers. Uber, Altice, FIS, Brown & Brown, Capital One, and Amazon are all existing enterprise customers who expanded with six figure-plus growth in the quarter.

We continue to have meaningful whitespace within this customer set. We also closed transactions with a diverse group of companies, large and small, and across all verticals, including Kraft Heinz, Johnson Controls, First Financial Ban, Peachtree Hotel Group, OpenAI, SoulCycle, NurseRegistry, Equitable Advisors, and Apple. We are not sure when we will see the economic environment flipped from a headwind to a tailwind, but we continue to build the organization to optimize for the massive long-term opportunity while maintaining industry-leading levels of profitability today. But we are -- but what we are sure of is this, every company that fails to invest in the highest quality go-to-market intelligence will crush its own ability to win.

If you're a sales or marketing professional, the ability to successfully and predictably hit your number month in and month out is rife with roadblocks and systemic flaws. Territories are poorly mapped. Targeting is weak. CRM data is incomplete and inaccurate.

Sellers waste in northern amounts of time researching. Marketing campaigns go out to random companies at random time, and money is spent in horribly inefficient ways. This type of sales and marketing pain is universal. Step out onto any sales floor without access to go-to-market intelligence, and you'll hear a familiar chorus, "I don't have the right contacts at this account;" "I keep calling disconnected numbers;" "This company isn't even in my territory anymore, it got acquired;" "The new CEO at this company use our competitors;" "There are only 100 targetable companies in Los Angeles, that can't be right;" "Marketing didn't hit their pipeline contribution this quarter." Or worse, you'll just hear nothing and wonder why is the sales floor so quiet.

A lack of key signals and insights married to incomplete stale or outright inaccurate data on customers and prospects throws sand into the gears of every go to market function. It starts with quiet sales floors and leads to missed numbers, low morale, loss deals, career slumps, and your best reps walking out the door. We are the biggest and most impactful innovator focused on solving this problem for go-to-market professionals. And now, we are introducing the next biggest innovation for them, our generative AI-powered Copilot, that turns every seller into your best seller.

Copilot enables customers to bring together their internal customer data with ZoomInfo's best-in-class data and applies advanced generative AI to sift through the noise and identify insights sellers actually want. The best sellers focus their energy on the companies that are most likely to close. They do their research; craft high-quality, personalized engagement; and stay on top of their deals to remove risks and move to close. We have built advanced AI into our Copilot to replicate these best-in-class activities.

Copilot identifies ideal fit accounts by examining a customer's history of closed won versus closed lost deals, and then running AI against our proprietary data set to identify the characteristics of ideal fit accounts. That includes basics like industry and company size, in addition to tens of thousands of additional sophisticated attributes that we collect, like tech stack fit, department budgets, and executive presence. It then scans our proprietary buying signals to identify the accounts most likely in market to purchase. Lastly, it will identify the next-best actions sellers should take by pinpointing the right buyer exactly when to reach out to them, what channel to engage on, and exactly what the contextual message should be.

For example, Copilot might tell them to email the main decision-maker or to start a display ad campaign against the buying committee. It then uses our generative AI emailer to create a hyper personalized message, incorporating all of the contacts we have about an account, contact, their history, and pain points. We have expanded our data set to power this level of precision and personalization. Copilot starts with our highly proprietary data asset, including billions of unique intent data points, opportunity scoops, executive promotions and job changes, website visits, and then pulled insights from earnings call transcripts, websites, product portfolios, and press releases to identify prospects, pain points, value propositions, and potential opportunities.

That's layered on top of our existing intent and opportunity scoop data for personalization. Copilot is currently deployed across hundreds of customers and tens of thousands of users and will be generally available in the middle of the year. We anticipate packaging Copilot with our other recently innovated AI features, including our AI account fit and in-market scores, creating a migration and monetization opportunity for every customer and seat to our new AI-enabled platform. Copilot deepens our already proven track record of innovating on the way revenue teams go to market.

In our second annual customer survey, we pulled 7,000 users in more than 80 countries across a variety of sales, marketing, and operations positions to find out how they drove growth using ZoomInfo. Overall, our customers report a 52% increase in win rates, a 46% improvement in marketing pipeline, a 32% increase in revenue, 72% growth in quota attainment, they are 64% more productive, they see a 35% reduction in customer acquisition costs, and CSM saw a 34 point increase in net retention rates. Every business wants to make their go-to-market motions more efficient, and our customers make it abundantly clear that ZoomInfo does just that for them. Copilot will enhance our already strong new customer motion and provide us with another tool to drive expansion and fight down sale in the customer base.

Finally, I want to take a moment and talk about the incredible team we've built at ZoomInfo. I'm continually impressed by the level of commitment, competence, relentlessness, and resilience exhibited by every person here. We are entrepreneurs who are motivated to innovate and reaccelerate growth, both at ZoomInfo and for our customers. 2023 was certainly a tougher year than we anticipated.

As a platform that drives efficient revenue growth, we thought ZoomInfo would be well insulated from the many layoffs and the changing growth trajectory of our technology customers. While our new customer growth remained strong throughout the year, renewals were impacted by seat downsells triggered by layoffs and fewer upsells as technology customers paused expansions or experimented with lower-quality alternatives. As Cameron will detail, around half of our ACV is coming from verticals that were the most impacted in 2023. And yet, we still delivered a year of growth, profitability, and free cash flow.

We continue to control the controllable while building for the long term. We're executing with efficiency, innovating, and delivering tremendous ROI to our customers. We are growing while others in our space are shrinking, and we are driving a leading level of profitability and free cash flow while continuing to return cash to shareholders. We have the team, the platform, and the market opportunity that gives us confidence in our ability to win long term.

With that, I'll turn the call over to Cameron.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Henry. In Q4, we delivered revenue of $316 million, up 5% year over year. Annualized revenue based on 92 days in Q4 was $1.255 billion, up 0.8% sequentially. We are pleased to have delivered better-than-expected revenue with improving sequential annualized revenue growth relative to Q3.

Adjusted operating income was $126 million, better than guidance and represented a margin of 40%. GAAP net loss was $5 million, and GAAP EPS was a loss of $0.01 per share. Non-GAAP EPS was $0.26 per share. For the full year, revenue was $1.24 billion, up 13% compared to 2022.

Adjusted operating income was $499 million, margin of 40%. And unlevered free cash flow was $463 million. We were again GAAP profitable for the year with net income of $107 million and GAAP EPS of $0.27 per share. Non-GAAP EPS was $1.01 per share.

We are initiating guidance for 2024 with revenue growth of 2% to 3% as an implied -- in an implied operating adjusted operating margin of just over 39%. For 2024, we expect to deliver $455 million of unlevered free cash flow at the midpoint of guidance. While the operating environment has curtailed growth currently, we continue to believe that there is an extremely large opportunity to transform the way businesses go to market, which gives us confidence in our ability to accelerate revenue growth over the long term. Given uncertainty in the economic environment and the subscription nature of our business, we have not incorporated these potential tailwinds into guidance for 2024.

When we do realize higher levels of potential growth, we would expect to realize additional operating leverage in the business and drive higher margins in the future. Net revenue retention was 87% for the year with midmarket companies, particularly those in software and technology space, being most unchallenged. The outsized downsells from customers most impacted by the economic environment exceeded the net upsell that we generated from other customers in 2023, creating a drag on net retention. In the near term, we expect to maintain customer churn at levels we experienced over the last few years.

We anticipate additional downsell pressure in Q1 as we are still lapping a peak of negativity from last year and working through the long tail of multi-annual contracts that were most recently transacted in a very different operating environment. Our expectation is that as we move through the year, we will see opportunities to stabilize net retention and begin to return to structurally higher levels. Our guidance prudently assumes that for 2024, net revenue retention does not meaningfully get better. And at the low end of the range of guidance, it assumes that retention declines for the full year.

We now have 1,820 customers with more than $100,000 in ACV. While that metric declined by 49 in the quarter, it belies our success expanding with larger customers as average revenue for this cohort has increased. Our investments have helped drive the enterprise portion of our business to record highs, while midmarket customers have fallen out of this cohort. Enterprise ACV overall now represents just under 40% of the overall business, up approximately 10 points over the last three years.

We also continue to see success with advanced functionality, which contributes roughly a third of our overall ACV, with particular strength from OperationsOS, which now contributes more than 10% of our ACV. From an industry perspective, our software and technology customers were particularly challenged in 2023. Software, our largest vertical, now represents less than 33% of our ACV and was down on an absolute basis year over year as layoffs drove downsells among customers. ACV from nontechnology industries increased as a percentage of overall ACV as we continue to see growth and opportunities for greater penetration.

This part of our business grew approximately 15% in Q4 relative to last year. Write-offs continue to impact us in Q4 as many of our smallest customers remained challenged in their ability to pay. In addition to the increase in bad debt associated with write-offs, we've experienced a similarly sized impact to revenue. Our expectation is that the impact from write-offs will attenuate over time as our mix of revenue continues to shift to enterprise customers, and we roll out more product led functionality for smaller customers which is paid at checkout.

Operating cash flow in Q4 was $129 million, which included approximately $6 million of interest payments. In December, we completed another repricing of our term loan at par where we reduced the interest rate by 60 basis points from SOFR plus 285 to SOFR plus 225. This will result in an annual interest payment savings of approximately $3.5 million. Unlevered free cash flow for the quarter was $126 million, representing 100% of adjusted operating income.

We ended the year with $529 million in cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments. And we carried approximately $1.24 billion in gross debt, all of which has fixed or heads interest rates. During the fourth quarter, we repurchased approximately 10 million shares of ZoomInfo stock at an average price of $15.43 per share. In 2023, we repurchased $400 million in ZoomInfo stock, retiring all 22.6 million shares repurchased, representing over 5% of the total fully diluted shares outstanding.

Our net leverage ratio is 1.4 times trailing 12 months adjusted EBITDA and 1.3 times trailing 12 months cash EBITDA, which is defined as consolidated EBITDA in our credit agreements. With respect to liabilities and future performance obligations, unearned revenue at the end of Q4 was $442 million, and remaining performance obligations or RPO were $1.15 billion, of which $856 million are expected to be delivered in the next 12 months. With that, let me turn to guidance for Q1. We expect revenue in the range of 307 to $310 million, adjusted operating income in the range of $115 million to $117 million, and non-GAAP net income in the range of $0.23 to $0.24 per share.

For the full year 2024, we expect revenue in the range of $1.26 billion to $1.28 billion and adjusted operating income in the range of $492 million to $502 million. We expect non-GAAP net income in the range of $0.99 to $1.01 per share based on 399 million weighted average diluted shares outstanding. We expect unlevered free cash flow in the range of $445 million to $465 million. Our full year guidance implies 2% to 3% revenue growth and an adjusted operating margin just over 39%.

For the year, we would expect capex in the range of 4% to 5% of revenue as we anticipate an additional $25 million to $35 million in capital expenditures relative to 2023, driven by facilities buildouts where we have outgrown certain offices with expiring leases. We continue to expect free cash flow conversion in the low 90s as a percentage of adjusted operating income. Our non-GAAP tax rate for 2024 is expected to be 15%. With that, let me turn it over to the operator to open the call for questions.

Questions & Answers:

Operator

[Operator instructions] And our first question comes from the line of Mark Murphy with JPMorgan. Your line is open.

Mark Murphy -- JPMorgan Chase and Company -- Analyst

Thank you very much. So, it looks like layoffs are continuing in tech, where, you know, it looks like over 100 tech companies have announced layoffs, 34,000 workers so far this year. And I believe Snap and DocuSign and Pure Storage were all announced in the past week. Is that trend elongating beyond what you might have expected? Or do you still look back and think that 12 months ago was likely the peak layoff period? And then, I have a quick follow up.

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, thanks, Mark. I think what we're -- what we're seeing is that the layoffs are -- first of all, the total amount of layoffs you're seeing right now is meaningfully less than we saw a year ago. And I think the type of layoffs that are happening in or around tech are much more surgical than they were a year ago. A year ago, the layoffs were somewhat panic-driven and weren't thoughtful.

I think what you're seeing today is a much more surgical approach to layoffs. And so, I think the overall amount is down. The surgical nature of the layoffs is protecting account executives and many people in the go-to-market function that are driving growth for companies. And those are our customers.

Mark Murphy -- JPMorgan Chase and Company -- Analyst

Yeah, thank you for that, Henry. And then, my second question is on the Copilot product. It sounds like an attractive value prop. And I believe you said that it is a migration and monetization opportunity for every seat out there.

Can you shed a little light on how you're thinking about pricing the product? In other words, is it going to be a per user per month? Do you think you'll be using credits and tokens? And just at a high level, if you could sketch out how broadly you might picture the adoption there across your user base, if we were to think about it several years down the road.

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

I think if you -- look, we're in market right now testing a number of different models for pricing and packaging of this. I think what I can tell you is that if you stretch this out for -- if you think about this in terms of years, we expect every one of our customers to be on our AI-enabled platform when you think of it in terms of years. We're going to go out in the back half of the year and believe there's an opportunity to begin migrating our customers. And the nice thing about Copilot is it lands just as well with our enterprise customers as it does with our SMB customers.

And so, we have the opportunity across the board to run this migration and monetization motion. That is a motion that in the history of ZoomInfo, we've run very successfully at least two times before when we made the acquisition of ranking in 2017 and the acquisition of ZoomInfo in 2019. Shortly thereafter, we migrated all of our customers onto new platforms that we had built. Those were very successful motions for us that we expect to repeat here.

We have a playbook for it.

Mark Murphy -- JPMorgan Chase and Company -- Analyst

Thank you very much.

Operator

One moment for our next question. And our next question comes from Koji Ikeda with Bank of America. Your line is open.

Koji Ikeda -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Yeah, hey, guys, thanks for taking the question. Wanted to ask on free cash flow and free cash flow generation for this year. When we look at the guidance, it looks like about 30% -- 36% on the free cash flow margins. So, just trying to better understand the levers to drive upside to free cash flow this year.

Is it a function of upside of revenue, leverage within the organization, better collections? I mean, any sort of help there would be helpful. Thank you.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

Sure, thanks for your question, Koji. Certainly, we do face, you know, some headwinds with capex being up. And obviously, that's, you know, dependent on the timing of different leases. So, you know, that'll last through this year and the beginning of next year and then start to fall off.

But certainly, you know, as we think about cash flow, it's largely a conversion rate against adjusted operating income. And so, you know, that conversion rate would actually improve as growth improves going outward. And that's a function of our customers that pay us upfront. Having more of those as a percentage of the adjusted operating income will ultimately drive that improvement.

Otherwise, you know, we are very focused on improving our collections and reducing write-offs, which, you know, should, over time, improve as well.

Koji Ikeda -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Got it. Thanks, Cam. Thank you so much.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

Yep.

Operator

And our next question comes from the line of Kash Rangan with Goldman Sachs. Your line is open.

Kash Rangan -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

All right, thank you very much. Congrats on all the improvements you've taken to regain your customers back. Henry, if you can expand on that. You talked about a flurry of win backs.

When do you think that trend becomes a little bit more pronounced so that the compounding effect of new business and improved retention can have a material impact to the growth rate of the company. Thank you so much and congrats.

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Kash. I think, look, we are -- we still have a meaningful retention headwind in Q1 that we're managing through, and so I wouldn't expect it to fully attenuate in this quarter. But I think as our customers are out there and actually experiencing lower-quality solutions, they are realizing that what you get from ZoomInfo is very different than what you get from the competitive set that's out there. And so, we are seeing that happen and then we're running more specific win-back motions against customers that went elsewhere to bring them back in.

And those two -- as we get through the quarter and that win-back motion continues to pick up steam, I think you'll see -- I think we expect to see that improving.

Kash Rangan -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

Wonderful. All the best for this March quarter. Thank you so much.

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Thank you.

Operator

And our next question comes from the line of Surinder Thind with Jefferies. Your line is open.

Surinder Thind -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Thank you. In terms of just the distribution around the NRA at this point, as you kind of look forward, how much of there is just pure churn at the SMB level versus maybe what you're seeing in terms of reductions at the larger clients? Just any color around the differences in terms of the magnitudes.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

Sure. So, you know, our churn levels have actually remained fairly stable in '23. They're a little down from what we saw in '22 but not meaningfully so. Obviously, that part of the equation is largely driven by, you know, the lower end of the market.

And so, while we do see pressure on SMEs particularly around write-offs and, you know, some downsells and kind of price requirements, we don't see a meaningful increase in the churn that we're seeing where we have seen a much bigger impact on net retention has been particularly in the midmarket and the lower end of enterprise where, you know, we've seen downsell. And if you look at our customers that are most impacted by the economic environment, which tend to be those that are in technology or software-related spaces, you know, that downsell has been really meaningful and, in fact, outstripped the upsell that we've seen in other customers. And so, that has been the biggest impact this past year in 2023. And I think as we look at least the first quarter, I think we still see some pressure with respect to those downsells.

But as we look forward, there is an opportunity for that to hopefully stabilize, and we'll see that, you know, potentially improve going forward.

Surinder Thind -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Thank you.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of DJ Hynes with Canaccord Genuity. Your line is open.

DJ Hynes -- Canaccord Genuity -- Analyst

Hey, guys, thanks for taking the question. I want to go back to Kash's question on the win backs. Obviously, it's an impressive number. If we look at it, good economic basis, right, like for like, are those customers coming back? Are they paying more? Are they paying less? Are they paying the same as they did prior to leaving? I'm just curious around kind of broader implications of on pricing in the space and kind of read-through so that we can derive from those folks.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

And I think that what you see is that the experience is kind of across the board. You do see customers that you know, go and try something else, realize what they're missing and there -- and then, you know, lean in even more for, you know, a much bigger kind of ticket sizes and rolling that across their entire universe. You also see customers that downsold -- or that, you know, probably would have downsold anyways. They went with a lower-priced competitor and then they rolled out -- you know, came back to ZoomInfo on the smaller, you know, amount of spend that they might have gotten to.

So, you know, I'd say that the -- yeah, it's really more customer dependent than it is anything else in terms of what they're kind of where their natural spot, you know, where they thought they should have been, and then, you know, how, to some extent, how bad of an experience they had with a lower-priced solution and you know therefore willing to spend more with ZoomInfo.

DJ Hynes -- Canaccord Genuity -- Analyst

Yeah, OK. And then, Henry, maybe I could follow up with you just competitive implications of HubSpot, Clearbit, you know, particularly at the low end of your business. I realize those guys don't play much in the enterprise, but curious if you have any thoughts there.

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, look, we've always been paying attention to this, but we haven't seen Clearbit or HubSpot come across as a competitor in any of our recent deals. HubSpot seems to be talking fundamentally about enriching company level data and not prospect or contact level data. You know before the acquisition of Clearbit, Clearbit wasn't a competitor that was meaningfully on our radar anywhere. And post the acquisition, we haven't seen them come up in sales processes.

DJ Hynes -- Canaccord Genuity -- Analyst

Yeah, that makes sense. OK. Thank you, guys.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Brian Peterson with Raymond James. Your line is open.

Brian Peterson -- Raymond James -- Analyst

Hi, guys. Thanks for taking the question. So, I know you mentioned that the median sales cycle shortened in the quarter. Wanted to understand maybe when that started to materialize, how we're thinking about the linearity into January and February.

And is that kind of broad on SMB and enterprise software, nonsoftware? How do you guys think about that? Thanks.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

Brian, I think the way that we've thought about that, we've just -- it's a stat that we track across the board, median sales cycles on our new business sales. And year over year, across the board, we've seen those median sales cycle times shorten. We're also making an investment behind PLG that will allow customers to be -- allow users to be come customers in a self-service, no-friction, no-connect with the salesperson way. That will obviously impact sales cycles for us as well.

But overall, in our new business sales team, year over year, we've seen a meaningful impact in sales cycles.

Brian Peterson -- Raymond James -- Analyst

Great to hear. Thank you.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Siti Panigrahi with Mizuho. Your line is open.

Siti Panigrahi -- Mizuho Securities -- Analyst

Thanks for taking my question. I wanted to ask about the enterprise business that is a record quarter. I remember early last year, you talked about, you know, going top-down selling, winning mindshare of C-suite. So, help us understand the progress you have made on that, you know, changes on the go-to-market side that's helping you now.

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, we've made an intentional focus on the enterprise business, both from a new business perspective, where we segmented the way that we go to market so that we have enterprise-specific reps on new business, and in our customer base where we've segmented our customer base so that our enterprise reps who are tenured enterprise sellers now are -- have the right account loads and the right accounts to drive growth. And then, we have the strongest product market fit in the enterprise, where our investments from a data quality and data accuracy perspective, but also our investments from a data privacy perspective, put us in a position to win across the enterprise. That's a place where we see almost no competition. And so, it's an area that we're really investing behind, and we're seeing traction in the customer base.

And on the new business side, the team is new but off to a pretty good start.

Siti Panigrahi -- Mizuho Securities -- Analyst

Thank you.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Elizabeth Porter with Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.

Elizabeth Porter -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst

Great, thank you very much. I wanted to ask a little bit on the nonsoftware side. I believe last quarter, you mentioned growth had moderated in Q3. So, I was just wanted to get a sense for how growth trended in Q4.

I know you mentioned it remained healthy, but any sort of qualification on Q4 versus Q3 and outlook into fiscal '24? Thank you.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

It remained consistent. You know, it's moved down a little versus where we were in Q3, but, you know, kind of mid-teens growth. That's pretty healthy for that, you know, area of the business. You know, as we look forward, yeah, I think that we're expecting the, you know, net retention overall stays, you know, pretty consistent.

How that interacts between the technology businesses and the non kind of technology businesses that we serve will likely be impacted by, you know, just how the macroeconomic situation unfolds more than anything else. But, you know, I think we see some good stability there. We still see a lot of opportunity in terms of new customers coming in because we're just so under penetrated with respect to those industries. And I do think that while we haven't built it into our expectations, you know, the kind of natural usage of AI in those nontechnology businesses is pretty low.

And, you know, our ability to really push insights to those sellers I think, you know, is probably pretty exciting with respect to those customers.

Elizabeth Porter -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst

Great. Thank you.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Brad Zelnick with Deutsche Bank. Your line is open.

Brad Zelnick -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

Great, thank you so much for taking my questions. First for you, Henry, the changes that you made last year to flatten the sales organization, you also moved some key people around. What if any tweaks are you making now into the new year? Just wanted to revisit that to make sure you feel you have the right players in the, you know, out on the field and in the right configuration. And I just had a quick follow-up for Cameron as well.

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, thanks for the question, Brad. I feel really great about the team that's around me. The team that we brought together from a product and engineering perspective, from a go-to-market perspective, I feel like we have really great -- I have really great partners across the business today. And they are -- they have an opportunity now to execute across the business, and we're expecting a lot from them.

Brad Zelnick -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

OK, cool, thank you. And, Cameron, as it relates to the write-offs, is it still contained to SMB customers? And how has it been playing out relative to expectations in the reserves you've been taking? And lastly, what are you assuming in 2020 for guidance for bad debt? Thanks very much, guys.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

So, it has been playing out largely as we've expected. It is, you know, almost entirely, you know, SMBs. And I think that's, you know, we're expected to say. It tends to be kind of the lowest spending folks that we have, which, you know, for us, we're really focused on getting as many of those customers into a product-led motion, where we're collecting either an ACH payment or a sales payment upfront and, you know, avoiding the need to go chase those customers or, you know, see them fall out later on.

You know, for our expectations in 2024, we're expecting, you know, a similar level of write-off activity, which, you know, ultimately might be a slightly lower absolute number in terms of bad debt as there's not as much to catch up on from previous periods as we had in 2023.

Brad Zelnick -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

Very helpful. Thanks.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Michael Turrin with Wells Fargo Securities. Your line is open.

Michael Turrin -- Wells Fargo Securities -- Analyst

Hey, great. Thanks. I appreciate you taking the question. I want to go back to just some of the segmentation commentary on the software side.

We've spent some time in the past talking about just the renewal cycle and Q4, Q1 seasonal impacts given it's mid-February. And anything you can do to just help level set where you are in terms of those renewal discussions and if the combined feed base there is, at all, stabilizing relative to the step-downs you saw over the prior year. And maybe, Cameron, if you can just add any commentary around how the visibility coming into this year compares to prior periods, given it sounds like there are signals some of the pressures are moderating, but the guide still assumes what sounds like stable, potentially declining retention rates in the coming year. Just further commentary on the feed base and what's happening there is helpful.

Thanks.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

Sure. I'll just start out, Michael, and then let a Henry add some color. But, you know, certainly, in terms of visibility coming into the year, I think we do feel that the trend that we've seen coming out of Q3 and Q4 is, you know, much more stable and that, you know, our customers are being more surgical in terms of how they're thinking about their investments and, you know, where they're, you know, putting seats in those sorts of things. So, I think that makes us feel, you know, good about our visibility and, frankly, you know, I think it's prudent for us to think about the fact that the world, you know, could get worse and that retention could get worse as we kind of develop guidance and think about it.

I'll let Henry jump in on any other color.

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, I would just say that our customers continue to have budgetary constraints, and they're scrutinizing every dollar of spending. And so, we're still managing through that inside of the customer base. That hasn't -- against the back half of 2023, that hasn't changed in any material way.

Michael Turrin -- Wells Fargo Securities -- Analyst

Got it. Thank you.

Operator

And our next question comes from the line of Brent Bracelin with Piper Sandler. Your line is open.

Brent Bracelin -- Piper Sandler -- Analyst

Hi, good afternoon. A lot of the questions have been asked and answered on demand. I wanted to double-click into OperationsOS. I think you flagged that at 10% of revenue mix now.

Henry, are there any levers to drive broader adoption, particularly in the enterprise space? What's the attach rates today? Could you just double-click into what is driving the mix shift of OperationsOS? And how much potential is there for that segment to be an upside lever this year? Thanks.

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, thanks for the question. OperationsOS, our DAS product that fits inside of OperationsOS continues to be one of our fastest-growing products, particularly in the enterprise. There's still a tremendous amount of whitespace, not just in accounts that we haven't gotten OperationsOS and DAS into, but also accounts that are using a small piece of OperationsOS or data as a service. And every account that is looking to do something real with generative AI from a go-to-market perspective, the first thing that they're struggling with is how do I get my data up to date and accurate and then keep it that way.

And we're the most obvious solution to that problem. And so our sellers across the enterprise are taking that message into their customers. They're still -- that continues to be an area that we're immensely focused on and have put together a really strong team around. And I think that's going to be a meaningful grower in our portfolio this year.

Brent Bracelin -- Piper Sandler -- Analyst

Helpful color. Thank you.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Alex Zukin with Wolfe Research. Your line is open.

Alex Zukin -- Wolfe Research -- Analyst

Hey, guys, thanks for taking the question. I apologize in the slightly loud place. But maybe just the first one, can you maybe unpack verticals that you saw or pockets of strength that you saw in the quarter and in the pipeline from a vertical and geographic perspective? And then, I could follow-up. Thanks.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

Sure. So, from a vertical perspective, you know, it tends to be all those things outside of technology and IT services and software. So, you know, financial services continues to see strength. Manufacturing continues to see strength.

Transportation, logistics, retail, you know, kind of all of those more traditional industries are areas where, you know, we've, you know, continued to build. And frankly, they're all in the either teens or, you know, in some cases, 20-plus percent growth areas. Geographically, it tends to be a little bit more U.S.-centric still. I don't think we've seen, you know, our European businesses kind of pick up.

They continue to grow, but they're, you know, a much lower penetration area. So, yeah, I'd say that we don't see the same sort of acceleration internationally as we've seen historically.

Alex Zukin -- Wolfe Research -- Analyst

Perfect. And then, maybe, Cam, in terms of the guide for the year from a revenue perspective, as we go through this, you know, let's call it attenuating hopefully period of macro uncertainty, it looks like the back half and maybe Q4 sets up for a mild reacceleration. But just maybe help bridge how we should think about the exit rate for growth in Q4 and as we think about, you know, some of those potential sources of upside in the guidance.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, so certainly our expectation is that Q1, you know, will continue to be tough. And, you know, certainly, you know, we expect to see some downside pressure continuing in Q1 as we're lapping kind of peak negativity still. So, I think if you, you know, build out a model, you'll end up with, you know, Q4 exit growth rate relative to Q4 of this year in the, you know, low to mid single digits. Obviously, you know the mid would be much more at the high end of the range and, you know, low would be at the low end of the range.

So, as you get further out into the year, you know, that spread widens a little as we think about guidance.

Alex Zukin -- Wolfe Research -- Analyst

Perfect. Thank you guys. Congrats on a great quarter.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Tyler Radke with Citi. Your line is open.

Tyler Radke -- Citi -- Analyst

Thanks so much for taking the question. If you were to unpack the strength in the quarter, you know, the slightly better revenue beat that you've seen over the last couple of quarters, was it primarily driven by the strength in the create-and-close business? Or could you just talk about linearity of the quarter? And then, specifically to the create-and-close business, did that strength continue into January and the first part of February? Thank you.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, so linearity in the quarter was reasonably good, I would say, you know, maybe a little stronger toward the end of the year, you know, in December than what we saw in October. Although, you know, honestly, a lot of that has to do with the mix of what different businesses come in. So, we do tend to see that December tends to be more enterprise-weighted. And that is where we're seeing the most traction with customers right now.

So, you know, I think that improvement certainly helps. That enterprise business does not tend to be, you know, created and closed within weeks. That's a, you know, much more of the enterprise motion that we're going with. As we think about how that's continued into you know, Q1, you know, for better or worse, Q1 does tend to be a more SMB-focused renewal time frame and tends to be one of our biggest expiring quarters.

So, while like segment by segment, we've seen continuation of what we experienced in Q4, the mix shift makes it makes Q1 actually a little tougher than, you know, what we saw in Q4.

Tyler Radke -- Citi -- Analyst

That's helpful. And then, a quick follow-up on the Copilot product. Just a clarification question, when you talk about doing these upgrades, are you -- you know, I guess is it going to be a price tailwind as you perform these upgrades? Or is it possible that Copilot just kind of gets folded into the base level of offering? So, I guess is -- you know, is it -- you know, are you going to be charging an upsell at this point as you think about that upgrade path?

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, we are anticipating monetizing the upgrade path.

Tyler Radke -- Citi -- Analyst

OK, thanks very much.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Josh Reilly with Needham and Company. Your line is open.

Josh Reilly -- Needham and Company -- Analyst

Yeah, thanks for taking my question. I believe the single seat SKU was released either last quarter or early into Q4. Can you just give us a sense of how widely this has now been deployed to customers or prospects? And then, are you seeing any impact positively in terms of customer retention on the very low end from this single seat SKU? Thank you.

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, we really released the single seat SKU in Q4 of last year, early Q4 or late Q3. And we've seen the number of customers and the revenue associated with them tick up every month since we released it. So, we feel good about that. But it's still super early on that -- on the single seat SKU which you can only buy through a PLG motion.

And so, it's really early, but trajectory is really positive.

Operator

And one moment for our next question. Our next question comes from Taylor McGinnis with UBS. Your line is open.

Claire Gerdes -- UBS -- Analyst

Hi there, this is Claire Gerdes on for Taylor. Thanks for taking the question. Thanks for all the color so far on net retention. I wanted to press there a little more.

If we assume that, NRR remains the same in 2024 at 87%, then that would imply new customers obviously have to grow in the mid single digits from a decline last year. One of the things that you mentioned was record new customer bookings. Could you comment what you saw in 4Q that would give comfort in this outlook and maybe what level of new logo growth you saw that could help give visibility for the year? Thanks.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, so --

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

I'll start, Cameron.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

OK.

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Throughout the year relative to the customer base, new business demand and closed stayed strong. We saw that continued throughout the year. And then, at the end of the year, we brought on the most new logos we've had in a quarter. We had great metrics around the new sales motion.

And then, we had many customers who had left come back to us as well. So, we feel pretty good about our ability to forecast demand on the new business side and see it continuing strength throughout 2024. Go ahead, Cameron.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, and then, I think the other dynamic that is interesting is that, you know, based on the market and, you know, what we've done within the company, our mix of ramps ease, you know, up significantly from, you know, where it was during the course of '23. So, I think we are seeing, you know, kind of our strongest players in the field, you know, stay with us. They had a, you know, a good Q4, as Henry mentioned earlier in his remarks. And I think seeing that continue is something that we're excited about.

Claire Gerdes -- UBS -- Analyst

OK, thank you.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Raimo Lenschow with Barclays. Your line is open.

Frank J. Surace -- Barclays -- Analyst

Hi, this is Frank on for Raimo. I wanted to ask one in the margin guide. How should we think about the puts and takes in the full year guide? And are you assuming any change to rep productivity or the mix of advanced functionality there? Thank you.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

So, with respect to margins, you know, we are continuing to invest heavily into the AI functionality that we've put out there. And we think that that's, you know, a really important factor where we can deliver value for our customers going forward. You know, that -- frankly, between the engineering investment there, as well as you know the actual infrastructure investment, that includes, you know, LLM models and so forth, that is, you know, probably a few hundred basis points of margin. Most of that, we've identified other areas in the business where we feel we can be more efficient and drive value that way.

So, you know, I'd say that that is the kind of biggest focus is that particularly, as we're early on with Copilot platform, you know, there's an investment costs related to that. But then, you know, as that grows, we'll be able to harvest operating leverage against that.

Operator

And one moment for our next question. Our next question comes from Rishi Jaluria with RBC Capital Markets. Your line is open.

Rishi Jaluria -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

Wonderful, thanks so much for taking my question. I just wanted to go back to the comments made on maybe wanting to embrace more self-service and PLG. I guess, part one, you know, when we've talked about this in the past, you said the unit economics on self-service just wouldn't work themselves out. It feels like there's maybe a little bit of a shift in tone around that.

What has changed? And what sort of investments do you need to make in, whether it's pricing and packaging or product, to get that? And maybe alongside that, you know, at least when we've gone through the trial of it, you still can't get public pricing and you still have to go through salespeople to get on ZoomInfo. So, I'm assuming that's still a work in progress. Maybe if you can just walk us through what that progress looks like and where you intend that to get to. Thanks.

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Great. Thanks, Rishi. I think today the no-touch, no-salesperson motion is live. It is just opened up to a certain set of traffic to our website.

So, not every person who shows up on the website is guided through the PLG motion. We're treating that as like as a lead nurture model. So, if a lead can't get to a sales rep because of the score, the score of that lead being below a certain threshold, we'll put that into the self-service motion. And it's limited to certain geographies and certain sizes and industries as it exists today.

As we learn more about the motion and learn more about the conversion rates, we'll continue to increase the traffic into that specific motion. And so, that's probably why you're not seeing it. But we've had a number of transactions that are self-service that have come through since we launched this in Q4. Those transactions are increasing.

And so, we continue to see good trajectory there, and we're easing our way into a more fulsome PLG motion. It's less about building the product there. In fact, our ZI Lite product that you would gain access to in that motion has one of the highest NPS scores across all of our products. It's more about releasing more and more traffic and users into that specific motion and away from a sales-led motion.

Rishi Jaluria -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

Got it. Thank you so much.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Pat Walravens with JMP Securities. Your line is open.

Austin Cole -- JMP Securities -- Analyst

Great. This is Austin Cole on for Pat. Wanted to ask a more product-related question with Copilot. I understand it's powered by Anthropic.

I wanted to ask about if there's anything you can tell us about the architecture, how you guys are connecting your data to Anthropic, how you guys are getting context. Is there a vector database as part of the architecture? Any detail there would be helpful. Thank you.

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, the product is not fully operated by Anthropic. Anthropic is one of our AI partners that's plugged into a variety of different insights and motions that we're running with Copilot. We've also built our own internal LLM that we're leveraging. We're also leveraging OpenAI in a number of different places.

And so, we are -- we internally have certain things that we run against our own LLMs, certain things we run against Anthropic, certain things we run against OpenAI. And we're constantly balancing across those three different places. And so, so far, we feel pretty good about that structure and leveraging each one in its respective area.

Austin Cole -- JMP Securities -- Analyst

OK, I appreciate that clarification. Thank you.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Terry Tillman with Truist. Your line is open.

Terry Tillman -- Truist Securities -- Analyst

Well, I'll make it easy, I'll just ask one question, and thanks for fitting me in. Maybe, Cameron, in terms of the top-line growth for the year, the low end to the high end, what is baked in, in terms of having meaningful success at the Copilot upgrade path? And then, secondly, I mean it's really in the second half, if you're going to have success or traction, would it be back-end loaded more fully in 4Q? Thank you.

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

Certainly, you know, we're not planning to make Copilot generally available until the middle of the year. So, you know, certainly, any success that we would have would be back-end loaded. You know, realistically, we did not incorporate you know, kind of meaningful success from Copilot anywhere in the guidance range. I think the guidance range is more the world gets worse, it gets closer to the bottom.

And obviously, we're not able to impact that through Copilot. At the top end of the range, I think it's the world kind of stays consistent to its, you know, slightly better based on some of the other factors. That's, you know, people are not downselling as much given that they've, you know, downsold historically, as well as, you know, our mix of business is starting to, you know, create a little bit of a tailwind for us in terms of larger customers tend to renew better. So, you know, I wouldn't peg much, if anything, even within the range on meaningful success with Copilot.

Obviously, you know, if it helps a little, it'll push us closer to the top of the range. But we haven't said that it's going to be a big driver.

Terry Tillman -- Truist Securities -- Analyst

Thank you. That's helpful.

Operator

And I'm showing no further questions at this time. This concludes today's conference call. Thank you all for participating. [Operator signoff]

Duration: 0 minutes

Call participants:

Jerry Sisitsky -- Investor Relations

Henry Schuck -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Cameron Hyzer -- Chief Financial Officer

Mark Murphy -- JPMorgan Chase and Company -- Analyst

Koji Ikeda -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Kash Rangan -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

Surinder Thind -- Jefferies -- Analyst

DJ Hynes -- Canaccord Genuity -- Analyst

Brian Peterson -- Raymond James -- Analyst

Siti Panigrahi -- Mizuho Securities -- Analyst

Elizabeth Porter -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst

Brad Zelnick -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

Michael Turrin -- Wells Fargo Securities -- Analyst

Brent Bracelin -- Piper Sandler -- Analyst

Alex Zukin -- Wolfe Research -- Analyst

Tyler Radke -- Citi -- Analyst

Josh Reilly -- Needham and Company -- Analyst

Claire Gerdes -- UBS -- Analyst

Frank J. Surace -- Barclays -- Analyst

Rishi Jaluria -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

Austin Cole -- JMP Securities -- Analyst

Terry Tillman -- Truist Securities -- Analyst

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