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Vulcan Materials Co (Holding Co)Â (VMC 1.04%)
Q2Â 2019 Earnings Call
Jul 25, 2019, 11:00 a.m. ET
Contents:
- Prepared Remarks
- Questions and Answers
- Call Participants
Prepared Remarks:
Operator
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. And welcome to the Vulcan Materials Company's Second Quarter Earnings Conference Call. My name is John, and I will be your conference call coordinator today. [Operator Instructions]
Now I will turn the call over to your host, Mr. Mark Warren, Vice President of Investor Relations for Vulcan Materials,
Mr. Warren, you may begin.
Mark Warren -- Vice President of Investor Relations
Good morning. And thank you for joining our second quarter earnings call. With me today are Tom Hill, Chairman and CEO; and Suzanne Wood, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. A question-and-answer session will follow their prepared remarks.
Before we begin, I would like to call your attention to our quarterly supplemental materials posted at our website vulcanmaterials.com. You can access this presentation from the Investor Relations homepage of the website. Additionally, a recording of this call will be available for replay at our website later today.
Please be reminded, the comments regarding the Company's results and projections may include forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks and uncertainties. These risks, along with other legal disclaimers, are described in detail in the Company's earnings release and in other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Finally, management will refer to certain non-GAAP financial measures. You can find a reconciliation of these measures and other related information in both our earnings release and at the end of our supplemental presentation.
Now I'd like to turn the call over to Tom.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you, Mark. And thanks to everyone for joining our call today. We truly appreciate your interest in Vulcan Materials. Our second quarter results reflected our continued strong performance, a 15% improvement in adjusted EBITDA, and a 11% improvement in Aggregates' gross profit per ton. We are relentlessly focused on unit margins. It is one of our most important metrics and it increased in the second quarter by $0.58 to $5.74 per ton.
On a trailing 12-month basis, our Aggregates' gross profit per ton has increased at a 12% compounded annual growth rate from the second quarter of 2013. We remain on track to achieve our full-year EBITDA expectations. Our overall results for the first half of the year, and the trajectory of the principal drivers of profitability in our Aggregates business, volume, price and cost were in line with our expectations.
I'll spend a few minutes giving you some highlights of our performance in these areas. Aggregates' shipments in the quarter increased by 4% year-over-year, or 3% on a same-store basis. This growth in volume reflects the solid underlying fundamentals in our markets. Shipments in our Southeast and Mid-Atlantic markets were particularly strong. California experienced another wet quarter. But despite this, shipments increased compared to the same period last year. Wet weather also affected shipments in Illinois, Tennessee, and Texas.
The second driver of our profitability is price and we performed well here also. Freight-adjusted average sales price improved by 5.9%, compared to the same quarter last year. On a mix-adjusted basis, the increase was 5.4%. The 50 basis point difference was due to favorable geographic mix. These increases were in line with our expectation and the pricing gains were widespread. Every key market across our footprint posted improved pricing.
Our third key profitability driver center zone our cost disciplines and our operational efficiencies. Our management teams and our leaders across the Company are keenly focused on this. And we're making good progress. We measure our operational efficiencies in a number of ways, but one key financial metric for Aggregates is same-store gross profit flow-through. On a trailing 12-month basis, it was 55% at the end of June.
Our operational execution at the plant level keeps improving, and it's rewarding to see that the hard work of our men and women at Vulcan is translating into strong incremental earnings. We will continue to focus on these disciplines, because they are a significant contributor to the quality of our earnings and our ability to compound our unit margins. As we look to the second half of the year, the overall view of our markets is generally unchanged. Shipments in the private construction end markets are good.
On the public side, demand is healthy and continues to strengthen with the increases in state and local highway funding being converted into backlogs and shipments. We believe that we are in the early stages of a longer-term growth in highway demand, which is a function of increased state and local investment in infrastructure. Since our last call, another Vulcan state, Illinois has passed legislation to increase revenues for roads. Since 2013, 11 states that make up 85% of our revenue have increased fuel taxes or increased other ongoing sources of revenue for highways. This supports our positive highway demand outlook and the improved visibility underpins improving pricing.
In summary, our backlogs are good, and our geographic footprint and capabilities put us in a strong position to take advantage of market opportunities. Now I'll turn the call over to Suzanne for some additional comments on the results. Suzanne?
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, and good morning to everyone. As Tom mentioned, our trailing 12-month same-store incremental aggregates flow-through rate of 65% was quite good, while price is certainly an important driver of this metric, I also want to touch on the impact of our operating cost performance. Operating disciplines, accountability and cost management significantly benefited our results again this quarter.
Our same-store unit cost of sales increased by less than 2% as compared to the prior year's quarter. The largest single component of this increase related to greater stripping activity, which is a function of anticipated future shipments. This accounted for about 40% of the higher costs. And for information, the effect of diesel fuel cost was minor in the quarter.
Our second quarter SAG cost increased mainly due to compensation-related expense, including incentives that are tied to earnings expectations and the share price. Our incentive plans are designed to reward our people for good execution, and improved earnings, both of which we have experienced. We also made investments in people and processes to accelerate the benefits derived from our sales and operational initiatives.
Our trailing 12-month SAG expense as a percentage of revenues declined this year, and we will continue to focus on further leveraging our SAG costs. I'll briefly touch on our non-aggregates segments. Asphalt gross profit was $28 million, an increase of $2 million, as compared to the prior year. Shipments increased by 8% or 5% on a same-store basis due to large projects in the Arizona market. While the year-over-year shipment growth was good, it was less than we expected due to the adverse effects of weather on California and Texas volumes. Asphalt pricing in the quarter rose by 8%. This was partially offset by liquid asphalt unit costs, which were 16% higher this quarter compared to second quarter last year.
Our concrete gross profit was in line with Q2 last year with higher prices offsetting reduced volumes. Turning now to the balance sheet, little has changed from first quarter except that our net debt-to-EBITDA leverage ratio declined to 2.4x within our target range. The average maturity of our debt is 15 years, and our weighted average interest rate is 4.5%. Our leverage position and debt structure provide us with significant flexibility as we continue to grow our business.
On page 8 of the supplemental slides, you'll find information on our discretionary cash flow expectation for the full year, using the midpoint of our EBITDA guidance as the starting point. As a reminder, we define discretionary cash flow as EBITDA less working capital change, interest, taxes and operating and maintenance capital. On this basis, our discretionary cash flow for 2019 is projected to be $815 million. While there were no share repurchases and no M&A during the quarter, these remain important parts of our capital allocation priorities. For the full year, we reiterate our expectation of spending approximately $250 million on operating and maintenance capex and approximately $200 million on internal growth projects.
And now, before I turn it back over to Tom, I'll take this opportunity to reaffirm our 2019 adjusted EBITDA guidance of between $1.25 billion and $1.33 billion. We try to be thoughtful when we gave our initial 2019 annual guidance in February. And we have performed consistent with those expectations through the first half of the year. We believe we are well positioned to continue this execution in the second half of the year. We are mindful however of the storm-related challenges that can characterize the third quarter and therefore we remain comfortable with our initial guidance range, and with finishing the year in the middle of that range.
And now, I'll turn the call back over to Tom for some closing remarks.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Suzanne. I'm very proud of how our people have performed so far this year. And I want to take this opportunity to thank the men and women at Vulcan, especially our operations and sales teams for taking care of our customers, holding each other to a high standard of operational excellence and delivering on our financial results as promised.
Our financial performance is important. But safety is always our number one priority. Our safety culture is strong and our safety metrics are industry-leading. It is critically important and remains our number one priority to send our employees home safely every day. As we move forward, we will continue to capitalize on our outstanding geographic footprint, execute at the local level, take advantage of market opportunities and continue growing our Aggregates' unit margin.
Now we'd be happy to take your questions.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
Thank you. [Operator Instructions] We will take our first question from Stanley Elliott of Stifel. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Good morning, Stanley.
Stanley Stoker Elliott -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated, Research Division
Hey, good morning. How are you all doing?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Good.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Good, thanks.
Stanley Stoker Elliott -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated, Research Division
Congratulations on the quarter. Could you guys talk high-level kind of what you're seeing regionally, certainly nice quarter here particularly with the weather issues?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Stan, just from a high level, if you look at how each geographic area is performing, I'll start in the East, Mid-Atlantic states described the private demand slow and steady, public highway demand is very good. Importantly, we're seeing robust pricing in margin growth in the Mid-Atlantic states in 2019. Moving to the Southeast United States, the Southeast states are really strong in the vast majority of those markets. I think the private side, we see growth a little bit of a watch in a couple of areas, Nashville, Miami. Nashville is -- the private sides are growing, but it's just long in the tooth. Miami, we're seeing a little bit of shrinkage on the private side. The rest of the Southeast states very good private, healthy demand from highways. So good volume. We're seeing really good margin expansion in this area, driven by good pricing and also responsible operations, cost management. And remember this is -- we are by far the largest in the Southeastern United States, largest producer. An encouraging area, Illinois. This is a market it's actually, we're starting to see it turn.
We're now seeing pickup in private demand driven by airport and tollway work. We just saw Illinois pass the highway bill, which we're thrilled with. So more demand coming on the public side. Non-res is growing. Res is now improving, prices are improving. This is really good news for Illinois, which has struggled for the last five or six years. It is also good news because this is a really well-run business, and with these volumes coming on, we're able to leverage that performance.
Moving over to Texas, DFW/North Texas very healthy public growth, slower on the private side, price and concerns on res and non-res, little bit slower pricing in North Texas. South Texas, we see public demand is actually really hot. The private side, I'd say a mixed bag, res OK, non-res a little bit slower but OK, prices very healthy. Coastal Texas, this is a very strong market both on public and private, very good pricing and margin expansion in Coastal Texas. And we've not seen anything really substantial out of the energy sector. It will be exciting for 2021, 2022.
Moving over to California, this is -- despite weather, exciting market for us. Solid public growth, particularly in Central and -- excuse me, solid private growth particularly in Central and Southern California. The Bay has gotten pricey on the private side. So maybe a watch for us there, but our focus there has been highways. Public side is growing and growing fast and accelerating. We've got big backlogs growing, highway lettings. Pricing in California has been very good, is very good. We see high single-digit this year. And we've seen very good cost control in spite of bad weather in California. So substantial margin growth, everybody is concerned about California. I -- particularly, I'm not, in fact, I'm really thrilled with our performance in spite of wet weather.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. And I'd just add one thing to that. I think in first quarter, you will remember us saying in terms of pricing that the pricing gains were very widespread across the country with all the markets. Our key markets up in pricing year-over-year save one, which was Illinois at the time and it was winter. So that wasn't of a particular concern to us. In the second quarter, Illinois has joined the rest of our key markets and each of those key markets had pricing that exceeded second quarter last year. So we thought that was a very positive sign as well.
Stanley Stoker Elliott -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated, Research Division
Perfect. And then last from me, on the cost environment. Are you seeing anything in the second half of the year, be it labor, whatever it would be, that would be pause for concern in terms of what's going to happen on the pricing environment? And then kind of as a corollary to that, you've done a nice job of putting a lot of growth capex and cost reduction at the quarry level and at the distribution level. Help us with that in terms of how we think about managing that cost structure going forward?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, I think you saw a very good performance in cost in the second quarter. Our total cost of sales was up 2% in spite of wet weather through a number of our states, which really eats up operating efficiencies. So we overcame that. The biggest driver of the increase is, you heard Suzanne say the second quarter was stripping in anticipation of sales volume growth. So I'll take that problem all the time. We saw good improvements on operating efficiencies and the things that drive our cost. Our folks are very focused on this. There is more to come. You know, I can't tell you how focus our operators are on improving their operating efficiencies that really drive the cost. But based on our performance in Q2, they are winning. This is so important as you know, because it's a big driver of those unit margins and being able to take that incremental revenue to the bottom line. So as I would describe the rest of the year, more to come, and I would expect us to keep improving our operating efficiencies.
Stanley Stoker Elliott -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated, Research Division
Perfect, thank you very much. Congratulations and best of luck.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thank you.
Operator
We will take our next question from Jerry Revich of Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead, your line is open.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Good morning, Jerry.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Hi, Jerry.
Jerry Revich -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Hi, Tom, Suzanne, and Mark. How are you?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Good.
Jerry Revich -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Good. Can you talk about the pricing cadence on the spot market heading into the back half of the year. Now that we have six months in the book. So I'm wondering if the high end of your initial pricing guidance is still achievable? Or if there are mixed factors we should keep in mind as well?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
You know we talk a lot about price. I think that remember that most of the fixed -- fixed plant was priced in January and February. We did see some successes in mid-year price increases to fixed plants in a number of markets Virginia, Alabama, it goes to some of the Gulf Coast, Arizona. The other 60% of our work is bid work and we bidding in as we speak. We always tell you that that's a -- that's not a spot market price increase, that's a campaign over time. And we feel good about what we see in our backlogs and our booking pace, we think those prices will move up through the balance of the year as we bid. And all of that's driven by confidence and visibility into a growing market particularly, the very visible and very fast growing public market and highways.
So I think as you look at, as we step back, and Suzanne look at our booking pace. And how our back pricing as that is going, and the pricing in our backlogs, we are very comfortable that the balances of the year price increases will be in line with guidance.
Jerry Revich -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
And in terms of -- is it, is there any potential to get to the high end of the guidance? So to get to the high end, you'd have to put up pricing north of 8%. It sounds like we're probably gravitating toward the midpoint of the guidance, which implies pricing closer to, call it 6.5% in the back half compared to that --
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
I'd say you -- I would say more toward the middle of the range of guidance. I think that's a realistic and very achievable goal.
Jerry Revich -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Okay. And then to shift gears for Asphalt, in the past you folks have gotten that business to be in the mid-to-high teens from a gross margin standpoint, and I'm wondering, is there anything structurally different in this cycle compared to the past, because when we're looking at 8% gross margins in a business that has about 8% SG&A to sales. That's not a fantastic profit contribution even with a great flow through that you're getting in Aggregates. So I'm wondering, is there something structurally different in Asphalt mix this cycle versus the past? Or when can we get back to those teens type gross margins?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Well, I think the simple answer is no, there's nothing structural change in Asphalt. This is a function liquid pricing and cost. And I think you're seeing a turn there. Overall, we are seeing profitability in the Asphalt product line improving both in volume and unit profitability. You saw that in Q2 with volumes up 8%. And that was both volumes were up in spite of wet weather in Tennessee, Texas and California, where -- some of our biggest asphalt states. Liquid costs were up $11 million. However, gross profit per ton was flat. This stopped a six quarter run of shrinking unit margin in Asphalt, due to liquids prices spiking. That leveled off as you remember -- fourth quarter to first quarter, and it's been pretty much flat through the first half.
Looking ahead, I would expect unit margins to be on the rise, as asphalt prices are rising and liquid prices has stabilized. If you step back and look at the full year, I would maybe expect us to end up a little on the lower end of guidance in asphalt. And that's really a function of wet weather in the first half of the year. We just had so much rain in Tennessee, Texas and California that we don't know that we'll have enough shipping days to get the volume we expected before the end of the year. Now that being said, our backlogs are very good. Our lettings are growing and the unit margins are growing. So between rising unit margins, big backlogs, a dramatic increase in how we're funding and lettings in Vulcan states, this product line has a very bright future.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
And I would add to that with respect to the guidance for the remainder of the year, Tom's right, you know we're just being a bit cautious in evaluating the number of shipping days we have left and the ability of our contractors to perform all of that work in a very compressed timeframe. If you go back to the guidance we gave at the beginning of the year for the non-aggregates segment, which is asphalt, as well as Concrete and Calcium, we said that we expected that to grow year-over-year the gross profit by 15% to 20%. We now think that that gross profit year-over-year growth will probably be toward the lower end of that, at about 15%. Again, being a little bit cautious on that. And I think that in terms of consensus, most of the consensus is at about 15% anyway.
Jerry Revich -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Okay. I appreciate the discussion. Thank you.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you.
Operator
We will take our next question from Scott Schrier of Citi. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Good morning, Scott.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Good morning.
Scott Schrier -- Citi -- Analyst
Hi, Good morning everyone. So last 12 months, you had 65% incremental margins, they are over your company norms and your target levels. It looks like you have good cost control, you have volumes to support the fixed cost absorption, pricing in the mid-single digit range, you've got you're stripping out of the way this quarter. Is it possible to maintain a 65% run rate given the compounding profitability characteristics of Aggregates? I'm not asking you to commit to it of course, taking into account all your comments on guidance, but I'm curious what would be needed? And is it possible to sustain an elevated level of profitability?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
I think we -- first of all, let me if I misspoke on stripping, I didn't mean to -- the stripping is not out of the way. That will continue through the year because of demand and what we see coming with particularly with the highway demand. So stripping costs will stay up for a while, and I would expect them to stay up, I know they stay up between for at least the next six months. Again, that's a good thing because it's anticipating big volume growth driven by public demand. I think we hate sound like a broken record, but we're going to take you always back to 60, not the good things can't lineup in a row for a while to get you above 60. But we point out, well, you have a lot of tailwinds. This is -- this sport is played outside, there is a lot of things that can happen and to offset just the tailwinds. You're not going to have them, you're going to get -- you're going to get some things that are going to challenge you along with the good stuff. So just from experience, can you have a period at above 60? Yes. Can you have a period of below 60? Yes. But I think we'd always bring you back to 60.
Scott Schrier -- Citi -- Analyst
Got it. Understood. And then I wanted to ask another one on the cost side of things and your cost containment. And I'm curious if you could speak to some of the efficiencies of profitability you're seeing in some of the long-haul markets, either through your vessels and container road or the rail networks? And also a little more on that, we've been hearing about some moderation in transportation costs. And I'm wondering if there's some puts and takes there. One of the things that we've heard or you have spoken about in the past is higher transportation cost generally enhance the economic moat of the Aggregates business, but is there the potential that moderating costs could actually potentially open up some more competition in pressure pricing? Thank you.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
I think first of all, the cost I'm referring to is our actual operating costs, not transportation. It's actually the cost to produce and sell rock taking the logistics -- taking most logistics out of that. So I'm really referring to our total cost of sales to produce stone, ex-transportation. Going to your transportation question, we are seeing rising costs for long-haul transportation, particularly by rail. As you know, this is a spike, but it's real this year. The Mississippi River and the river transportation costs have been delayed and higher due to flooding. So I would tell you that particularly long-haul transportation, we continue to see it escalate not go down, no level it is actually going up at a pretty good path.
Scott Schrier -- Citi -- Analyst
Got it. Great, thank you.
Operator
We will now take our next question from Kathryn Thompson of Thompson Research Group. Please go ahead. Your line is open.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Good morning, Kathryn.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Good morning.
Kathryn Thompson -- Thompson Research Group -- Analyst
Hi, thanks -- thank you for taking my questions today. On press release, more on the policy related with Illinois and also following up on SB-1 and Prop 7. But with Illinois, could you give -- just given the increased funding, give more color in terms of what end markets you primarily serve in Illinois today? And what has it looked back historically, when there was actual funding for infrastructure? And shipping for SB-1 and Prop 7, are you seeing the full impact of those two initiatives? Or do you believe that funding and lettings will continue to grow? Thank you.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Illinois, we really service the full market and it's -- we're not focused on the private, particularly the private or the public, and we service non-res, res, public and highways. It's nice to see Illinois turn the -- that how we work -- that how the funding will take a while to flow through as it does in every state. However, particularly in Illinois, we think we'll get bridged because there is substantial tollway and airport funding, which is very close to one of our largest quarries up there. But Illinois doubled their gas tax from $0.19 to $0.38, it is firewalled. It will take -- that will actually double the capital expenditures in Illinois for highways over ship -- now over a six-year time frame. And as I said, we're starting to see res and non-res turn. I think we're slowing the res, this is a very well managed business for us. So as I said earlier, this is exciting, because we are improving unit margins regardless of -- we've been improving unit margins in Illinois despite challenges for volume. This volume growth will really put some, put the turbos to that and so we'll enjoy that.
As far as highways, excuse me, highway spending is concerned, kind of across the country. We're excited about it and I'll run through eight or nine of those if you allow me. Florida highway lettings in 2020 will be up 25%. Georgia highway lettings will double in fiscal year 2020. We expect highway lettings in Texas to be up 25%. VDOT and regional authorities should be up 20%, South Carolina up 10%, Tennessee revenues have doubled -- excuse me, have gone up 40% since the IMPROVE Act passed. California is very exciting. We've seen since SB-1 through fiscal year, 2017-18, we have seen lettings double. They will be up another $1 billion in fiscal year '20, which just started. So to your point, highway lettings are very good and dramatically improving over the next 12 months.
Kathryn Thompson -- Thompson Research Group -- Analyst
Okay, very helpful. And then shifting to the residential end market. Where are you seeing areas of strength, weakness and what's the cadence of growth you're seeing on your -- for your major markets? Thank you.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you. Starting in the West, res in California is good a watch for us would be San Francisco, which has it's gotten pricey. Moving to Arizona, res is quite strong, non-res and res due to the private side in Texas. Probably a watch in DFW, where Houston is strong. The Southeast, the private market is quite good across the vast majority of our markets. In the Southeast, the watch for us would be residential and Nashville, which is -- our shipments are growing in residential, we're really watching it because it has been there a long time and it's been very high, long time. Miami a little bit different story, probably some contraction in the private side in Miami. In the Mid-Atlantic I would describe the private side is steady slow growth.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Kathryn, and I would just add to that that again, looking at our geography, our footprint in the markets we serve I mean the fundamentals continue to be in place you've heard us mention those a number of times. Good population growth, good employment growth with respect to res, still relatively speaking, a low level of houses. I mean we are certainly not back anywhere close to peak starts and then with the interest rate environment and the Fed signaling that it is -- while things can always change, I mean it's relatively unlikely that we're going to have a rate rise in the next little bit. I mean those are fundamentals we watch all the time that are generally moving in a positive direction.
Kathryn Thompson -- Thompson Research Group -- Analyst
Thank you very much.
Operator
We will now take our next question from Rohit Seth of SunTrust. Please go ahead, your line is open.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Hey, Rohit.
Rohit Seth -- SunTrust -- Analyst
Hey, how you doing?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Good.
Rohit Seth -- SunTrust -- Analyst
My question on the energy projects. You touched on that a little bit in the prepared remarks, but can you just talk a little bit about the opportunity set and what you are seeing there?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, we are following about a dozen projects that are multi-year, multi-million ton projects that are at different stages in the pipeline. And all are in different stages. Most, the vast majority of this work will ship between 2020 and 2023. So we're not there yet, there is a little bit shipping around the fringes, a few of those. So you know we're trying to help those folks get numbers and get those projects ready and get them started. Remember that with our Bluewater capacity, it gives us an edge here with these projects, they will be exciting. We are working on them, but they would, I would expect them to start impacting us until sometime mid-year 2020.
Rohit Seth -- SunTrust -- Analyst
Okay. And then I just wanted to talk about your backlog. You guys just put a slide together in your deck, showed the highway backlog. Would you characterize that is moving up, down or kind of stable?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
I would describe highway work dramatically moving up and that will continue to escalate over the next five to seven years.
Rohit Seth -- SunTrust -- Analyst
Okay, thank you. That's all I got.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thank you.
Operator
We will take our next question from Trey Grooms of Stephens. Please go ahead, your line is open.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Good morning, Trey.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Good morning.
Trey Grooms -- Stephens -- Anlayst
Hey, good morning everyone. First would be on just, I guess some housekeeping here on the mix benefit that you guys realized in the quarter on price. Was that more of a product related mix benefit or was there a geographic benefit there? And then any expected mix impacted in the third quarter?
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, the 50 basis points was geographic mix.
Trey Grooms -- Stephens -- Anlayst
Okay.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
As far as the second half mix, I wouldn't expect, there will always be some kind of mix with geography and a little bit of product, but I wouldn't expect it to be dramatic in the second half of the year.
Trey Grooms -- Stephens -- Anlayst
Okay. Fair enough. Thank you. And then you also, you mentioned the stripping costs and of course that can happen from one quarter to the next. And I think you said that it's going to be ongoing and then also with freight costs, you said it's still going up for you guys on the longer haul stuff. But as we look at the increase in COGS that we saw in the quarter. I think it was the 2%, is that a similar kind of rate that we should be thinking about as we look in the back half when we're looking at these costs?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
I would tell you that the short answer to your question is yes. I think that our folks are doing a good job as I said earlier, executing on those operating disciplines that drive cost and the efficiency with that. I think it's important risk that you take that cost and take it to unit margins. We saw unit margins in the second quarter up 11% to $5.34. We've now put together three quarters in a row with double-digit unit margin improvement, and that is a combination of solid pricing. But very good operating execution. And it's not about spending money, it's really about the execution of the operating disciplines that drive costs. So you heard me thank our folks, the men and women at Vulcan that drive those unit margins, I'd like to do that again, because they are now consistently turning in double-digit improvements in gross profit per ton. So I would expect us to continue our operating disciplines and the cost to follow.
Trey Grooms -- Stephens -- Anlayst
Yeah, I know that operating execution has really been a focus for you guys. Congrats on the good results there. Last one for me is just on you -- of course the Illinois market you mentioned in Texas and Tennessee saw delays, but to Suzanne point earlier on. I think we were talking about ready-mix, but there is only so many hours in a day and so many days in a quarter, and in a year. So as we're kind of looking at these -- the delays that we saw in some of these markets for you guys, I know the underlying demand is there there that's pretty clear. But how do we think about the opportunity to kind of execute or realize on some of this may be pent-up demand that might be there?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. So I think you're right, you're exactly right. There is only half the year left or less than half the year left now. We also have some bottlenecks for transportation. I think the underlying demand is there, that demand is not going away. So whatever we don't ship in '19, we will ship in '20 that you saw the -- the perfect example to that is in January of this year when that work would be pin-up and shipped in January. So it will really be a function to some degree of weather and timing on some large projects. I think -- I don't -- if you don't mind, I'll stop and step back and kind of let you know how we look at the second half of the year.
As you heard Suzanne say, we are very comfortable with our guidance. I think we tried to be thoughtful when we gave you guidance in February. We said the upper end would be good weather and jobs starting on time. The lower end would be increment weather and jobs delayed. As you look at us giving guidance, staying in that guidance range for the balance of the year, what we want to do is be prudent about weather and timing on jobs. We had a really good start to the year with January extremely strong with that flow through of work from '18 pushing back, the rest of the year shipments, the other five months has actually been at the high end of our guidance, next January. But now we need to remember that the third quarter is our most volatile quarter. It is the peak of the construction season, at the same time it is also the heart of the storm season. We've all experienced one storm and luckily didn't clip us too bad.
So we're just trying to be realistic and transparent about storm threats in the middle of peak of construction season. If you move to pricing -- our pricing has consistently through the year been in line with guidance. We expect that to continue for the rest of the year, and our look at that is solid I believe in our guidance. As we talk about our operating disciplines, we have executed well and created cost savings. All of that has driven double-digit unit margin growth for the first half of the year. We would expect that to continue for the balance of the year. So I would think we'd be on the high side of Aggregates' volume guidance.
Moving to asphalt, asphalt work was -- as we talked about was delayed in the first half because of rain in Tennessee, California, Texas, those are three of our biggest asphalt states. So in spite of very big backlogs and growing lettings and growing unit margins some of that work may get pushed back just because of what we talked about the number of times. As Suzanne mentioned, a bit extra cost in incentives and investment in unit margin on SAG. So I would expect the year to play out this way. A bit stronger on Aggregates' earnings, a bit lower on asphalt earnings. You put all that together, I would tell you that Suzanne and I are confident in the year in the middle of our guidance range.
Trey Grooms -- Stephens -- Anlayst
Thanks a lot.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
You bet.
Operator
We will now take our next question from Garik Shmois of Longbow Research.
Garik Shmois -- Longbow Research -- Analyst
Hi, thanks. And thanks for all the detail on the guidance, Sue. You kind of answered a lot of my questions there, but I wanted to ask your backlogs are very strong. You've got a stronger outlook across your geographie and I know we're not talking far more only about 2020. But if you look out over the next 12 to 18 months, what would be the limiting factor outside of say weather to drive volume growth as you see here -- it just sounds like your visibility has gotten better. So is there certain capacity constraints in the market that would limit your ability to continue to grow it, call it this low to mid-single digit volume clip or anything else out there that it could be I guess inhibiting factor for you?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
I don't think I see inhibiting factors that would limit mid-single, low-to-mid single volume growth. I think that's achievable. I think when you get above that, it gets tougher because of things like transportation and labor for our customers, not for us but for our customers. You also are seeing maturity on a lot of highway dollars, and mixed in that are bigger and bigger more complex jobs, the timing of which it can be all over the place. We've had a few jobs delayed even this year with some big highway work and still we're shipping well within our -- excuse me, the top end of our range of guidance. So to answer your question, I don't see it for the numbers that you say, no. If you want to get to high single-digit, yeah, you start to get compressed with labor and transportation and just our customers capacity.
Garik Shmois -- Longbow Research -- Analyst
Okay, thanks. And I just wanted to ask just on G&A just given the bump due to the performance compensation in the quarter, how should we think about G&A costs through the balance of the year?
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, it's a good question. The -- we had initially guided back at the start of the year to around $355-ish million. We now expect that number to be somewhere between $360 million, $365 million. Obviously, we will continue to look for ways to leverage that. But year-over-year, that will put us, put our SG&A expenses or our SAG expenses I should say, as a percentage of revenues, basically in line with where they were last year, maybe just a tick below. And I know it's important that we made some of the investments we did because again, we are on a very serious course here to improve our unit margins. We have a number of operational initiatives under way, and so I think making investments there to help further those initiatives and hopefully deliver results a bit quicker are good investments to make. So yeah hopefully that updated guide is helpful. I think the consensus on SAG expenses for the full year is about $360 million. So pretty much in line with that.
Garik Shmois -- Longbow Research -- Analyst
Okay, thanks. I just wanted to ask just one more question, just on pricing. Are you seeing any markets, like before, we talked about mid-year price increases because you're continuously evaluating pricing on a job-by-job basis, but are there any markets that are structurally, just given the demand strength coming in maybe toward the higher end of your guidance that are tighter on supply and in turn fundamentally seeing more attractive supply demand environment in terms of potentially better pricing environment?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
I think there is few markets where certain sizes are tight, and there is pricing opportunity, but I think the big driver on pricing is the visibility on demand is coming, and the people's confidence that they have worked and they can take risk on to form pricing and profitability. And I think that's pretty broad spread and it's followed -- a lot of it's followed the increases in state and local funding as we talked about in all the states that drive the vast majority of our revenues. So while that's out there, I think the big driver is more fundamental and more ingrained, which is a good thing because it means it's more long-term.
Garik Shmois -- Longbow Research -- Analyst
Great, thanks for the help.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you.
Operator
We will now take our next question from Phil Ng of Jefferies. Please go ahead, your line is open.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Good morning.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Good morning.
Phil Ng -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Good morning. Nice to see the acceleration in pricing this year in Aggregates, backlogs are quite strong, and pushing you some bottlenecks on the shipment side. Is this level of momentum on growth on pricing sustainable for the next few years?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Short answer is, I think the answer is yes. And the reason I have confidence in that is because of the long-term growth substantially growing funding and on the public side and highways, and how visible that is and how sure that is. And so you put those that you picked that -- there is growing that is very visible and that is shared and protected gives people confidence throughout the construction sector that they can take risk on price.
Phil Ng -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Got it. And just on that note, appreciating that most of the highway funding has been driven more at the state level, but with funding for the Highway Trust Fund expected to wind down next year, what are some of the milepost that you are looking at from a timing perspective before you think if nothing gets done, you could see some of these projects push out or stall a little bit?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Well, first of all, I don't see the demand stalling because of the -- how the Federal funding. If you take, let's step back and look at Federal funding first and then we'll go into total highway demand. The House and the Senate are working on a highway bill. Our policymakers and key committees are working on the reauthorization package now. Recently, the Senate Environmental Public Works Committee is right now working on a bill, which would increase funding by 28%. We'll see what happens with that. And funding is a big part of the ongoing conversation. But that being said about the highway bill reauthorization, you got to remember two really important facts when it comes down to highway demand. Number 1, the Feds are not going to let highway funding go down even if the FAST Act expires. They'll just -- they'll make extensions and keep the funding there regardless.
Number 2, our states are extremely well -- our states and local governments are extremely well funded. So funding in Vulcan states is up 60%, that's an increase of over $20 billion per year in 11 states. Now remember, put that in perspective, that's $20 billion in 11 states versus a Federal bill, which is $45 billion over 50 states. And that funding is really starting to flow through those -- we're starting to ship one and you are seeing the lettings grow. So highway demand will grow, absolutely grow over the next five to seven years.
Phil Ng -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Got it.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
And I would just also add to that -- that historically, where at times in the past, when it was time for a Federal bill to be renewed, states have operated in this Federal bill extension mode. So they understand how to do that and are comfortable with doing that, and I think the other point I would make is that if you divide the highway spending among Federal, state and local levels, it's about a third, a third, a third. So that's why we keep talking a lot about this state funding and local funding and the importance of it because that represents about two-thirds of the spending.
Phil Ng -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Got it. That's really helpful color guys. And just one last one for me. Question for you, Suzanne. Based on the outlook for next few years, from a growth standpoint, definitely sounds strong. Directionally, how should we think about capex and capital deployment priorities. There was obviously a few big deals in the market a few years ago, but just curious how you thinking about M&A, the pipeline and just directionally, the sizing of -- potential target?
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, absolutely. I mean if you looked at the M&A, we've typically done in the past, it's been more of the bolt-on variety as opposed to big M&A. I mean loyalty -- deals come and go in the market. We take a look at the deals when they arise because that's just good practice to do that. But we have been very disciplined with our approach to M&A, and we would continue to be so. We have pretty big hurdle rates that the deals have to get over, they have to be very strategic to us, they have to be accretive to our return on investment profile. They have to be something that significantly extends the value of the franchise, and they have to be something -- they have to be deals that we can integrate quickly and efficient at least so we are able to derive the synergies from them. So we continue to look but again we are disciplined, we would wait for the right thing. And we're not going to -- we're not going to be crazy about multiples that is -- that is not helpful in any event. If we think about other uses of that capital from a growth perspective, I mean remember we're going to be spending about $200 million this year on growth capex, our internal growth projects, we're really excited about those. It is a way to enhance and generate EBITDA without a lot of risk and without paying some blue sky goodwill that you might have to pay if you were to do a bit of M&A.
And just as a reminder, some of those growth projects that we are working on this year and which are embedded in that $200 million projected spend are some Greenfield quarries that are in geographic areas that are beneficial to us, California, Texas, South Carolina, and in addition to that and personally, I'm very excited about this part. We also have a number of sales yards strategically located in the US that when they come online would extend our franchise and our ability to reach customers. So M&A is one pathway, but for me, low risk EBITDA enhancing extend the value of the franchise I quite like some of these internal growth projects. And again we put those through a pretty strenuous return on investment review and they are accretive as well.
Phil Ng -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Got it. Thank you for the color.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Sure.
Operator
We'll take our next question from Michael Wood of Nomura. Please go ahead, your line is open.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Good morning, Mike.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Good morning.
Michael Wood -- Nomura -- Analyst
Hi, thanks for taking my question. Hi. I wanted to ask your markets in cement are impacted at all by the merger of the two large state owned [Technical Issues] enterprises in China and does that had a positive or negative impact on pricing in concrete?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
I wouldn't see it affecting our markets in concrete positive or negative, I don't see a lot of impact for that. Now that being said --
Michael Wood -- Nomura -- Analyst
Okay. And with --
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Go ahead. I'm sorry.
Michael Wood -- Nomura -- Analyst
And then I'm curious, since you improved that segment as well in 2Q versus 1Q, but you saw lower gross profit year-over-year. So just if you can also talk about your confidence in the back half and how you're seeing pricing the end market?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah the -- actually our volumes is what we were -- gross profit was actually slightly down 2%, and that was really driven by volumes being down. Some of that was rain in Texas, some of that was timing of work in Virginia. Our prices were actually up 5% and unit margins were up 5%. So assuming we can get our projects going and get a little sunshine I think we will be fine for the rest of year in concrete.
Michael Wood -- Nomura -- Analyst
And on Aggregates, can you give us some [Technical Issues] weather impact in the lost shipping days in the quarter?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, I mean that's a dramatically -- that's a big mixed bag. We're in the quarter, I'll give you a few examples in big markets where we got hurt. Dallas had another 15 days of rain, San Antonio had an increase of 24 days of rain, Houston had an increase of six days, in California we saw, LA of five days, San Francisco of nine days. So I guess that kind of gives you a feel for what that was like, and Knoxville was up dramatically but I don't remember exactly the number of days in Knoxville. So, and then if you look at Illinois, we lost a full month, we lost 22 days in Chicago.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
And if you go back and look at the shipment volume guidance range we gave at the beginning of the year, which was 3% to 5%, you'll remember we talked about what would put us at the top end of the range and what would put us at the lower end of the range the 3%. And the two things we called out, that would put us there would have been delay of some big projects that's sometimes just unavoidable, it's outside the control and also weather. And so given the fact that Q2 was wet and as Tom just described, I mean we were frankly, we were pleased to have our volume growth come out at 4% in the quarter because don't forget California and Texas two of the markets we've called out as being quite wet as have others. Those two markets comprise about 30% give or take of our volume. So we were pretty pleased.
Michael Wood -- Nomura -- Analyst
Okay, thanks for all the color.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Sure.
Operator
We will take our next question from Mike Dahl of RBC Capital. Please go ahead, your line is open.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Good morning, Mike.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Good Morning.
Mike Dahl -- RBC Capital -- Analyst
Good morning. Thanks for taking my questions.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Sure.
Mike Dahl -- RBC Capital -- Analyst
Suzanne, I wanted to pick up on that last that last comment, and if you think about the performance in the quarter, despite some of the headwinds, it doesn't actually seem like that much of a heavy lift to get -- you're not just at the top end of the volume guide but maybe a bit above the volume guide for the year and Tom I know you made the comment that maybe it's high-end of that and then so the 5% range but has just more specifically thinking about what you've seen quarter-to-date, is there anything you'd point out as far as volume cadence? And kind of what to expect for magnitude of growth in 3Q versus 4Q?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, I think you know, let's just concentrate on the third quarter and really for the balance of the year. But I think what you heard me say was, we're trying to be prudent, going into the third quarter and the underscore there is the third quarter is the peak of the construction season but it's also the peak of the storm season. So that can go really, really well or that can go really, really tough or it can be a mixed bag. And so I think us telling you the high end of our guidance is trying to take some of that into for volume is trying to take some of that into account. The perfect example to that is what we saw in the first half in California. And so it's really trying to be thoughtful and trying to give you our best educated expectation of what we expect based on history and based on our backlogs and based on what we see is a booking pace.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
That's right. And I would, I would just add to this, I've got the numbers here for the second half last year in -- I have the third quarter as well. But let's not forget, last year you know in the third and fourth quarter, those who were not -- I don't really consider them to be terribly easy comparisons. If you look at the second half last year, our volume grew 9%, our gross profit per ton grew 11%, and for the two quarters combined our flow-through was about 63%. That's a pretty good performance that we would be talking about over-achieving here. Price was at 2%, perhaps there is some upside there, but it was a pretty strong volume and gross profit per ton second half.
Mike Dahl -- RBC Capital -- Analyst
Right. I appreciate that. But I guess it's good to hear that that upper end it sounds like it actually does and you corporate the -- some conservatism around the weather, which is great. The second question I had is bigger picture, you kind of alluded to a few different time some of the internal initiatives and now some of these are earlier stage than others but can you give us a flavor on some of the internal initiatives that you're using to drive unit margins over the next couple of years? Where are we at on some of the big initiatives? And can you quantify any goal posts for us to be thinking about in terms of impact?
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
From a very high level what drives our quality earnings is what drives gross profit per ton. Again at a high level that would include four areas of focus, commercial excellence, our logistics efficiencies, number three how we procure our goods and services and the fourth, our operating disciplines and the disciplines around those efficiencies that drive cost. Now we've been working on these at different stages, over the last few years. We've invested in people and processes and systems to improve our metrics in our disciplines. And what you're seeing is results, improvements in our gross profit per ton. Again bragged on our people in this earlier, we've put together now three quarters where we've had double-digit improvement unit margins, so solid work. But as you pointed out, we are far from being done, we got a long ways to go. And when you start talking about goalposts, this -- you got to remember this is an ultra-local business, and every one of our markets and submarkets has their goalposts. But putting those together is not as nearly as important as what happens on that local level. So this is exciting. We've done a lot of hard work, we got a lot more hard work to do. So but I congratulate our folks for being disciplined and being diligent with this, but more to come on these efforts.
Mike Dahl -- RBC Capital -- Analyst
Okay. Thank you.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Sure.
Operator
We will take our final question from Robert Muir of Berenberg Capital. Please go ahead, your line is open.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Good morning, Robert.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Good morning.
Daniel Wang -- Berenberg Capital -- Analyst
Hi, this is actually Dan [Phonetics] on for Rob.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Hi.
Daniel Wang -- Berenberg Capital -- Analyst
Thank you for taking my question. Just a quick question with regards to the split between the three end markets. Is there any way to quantify the performance of like infrastructure res and non-res. In particular, I remember last quarter around the Southeast non-res was particularly strong. I was just wondering whether that has continued and what you've seen across your geographic footprint? Thanks.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
I think that we would describe the private side in most of our market is growing and steady growth. A few places a little harder than others. The public side is growing and growing faster and will continue to grow faster. I would call the public side, absolutely, across our footprint, we see growth. Again as Suzanne said, the fundamentals for the private side, which are population growth, employment growth, very low inventories of houses and now we expect lowering interest rates. That is a good formula for private demand growth. Put that with the dramatically growing funding from highways and that maturing into lettings and now into shipments that is a great formula for public demand growth. So I would call it solid and exciting, and I will call it solid and exciting across our footprint.
Daniel Wang -- Berenberg Capital -- Analyst
Okay, thank you very much.
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you. Well, thank you for joining us today. We really appreciate your interest in Vulcan and your time this morning. And we look forward to discussing the Company and our results and our performance throughout the quarter. Look forward to seeing you.
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thank you.
Operator
[Operator Closing Remarks]
Duration: 66 minutes
Call participants:
Mark Warren -- Vice President of Investor Relations
J. Thomas Hill -- Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
Suzanne H. Wood -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Stanley Stoker Elliott -- Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated, Research Division
Jerry Revich -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Scott Schrier -- Citi -- Analyst
Kathryn Thompson -- Thompson Research Group -- Analyst
Rohit Seth -- SunTrust -- Analyst
Trey Grooms -- Stephens -- Anlayst
Garik Shmois -- Longbow Research -- Analyst
Phil Ng -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Michael Wood -- Nomura -- Analyst
Mike Dahl -- RBC Capital -- Analyst
Daniel Wang -- Berenberg Capital -- Analyst
