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AvalonBay Communities Inc (AVB -0.01%)
Q4Â 2019 Earnings Call
Feb 6, 2020, 1:00 p.m. ET
Contents:
- Prepared Remarks
- Questions and Answers
- Call Participants
Prepared Remarks:
Operator
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the AvalonBay Communities Fourth Quarter 2019 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Your host for today's conference call is Mr. Jason Reilley, Vice President of Investor Relations. Mr. Reilley, you may begin your conference.
Jason Reilley -- Vice President of Investor Relation
Thank you, Nadia, and welcome to AvalonBay Communities Fourth Quarter 2019 Earnings Conference Call. Before we begin, please note that forward-looking statements may be made during this discussion. There are a variety of risks and uncertainties associated with forward-looking statements, and actual results may differ materially. There's a discussion of these risks and uncertainties in yesterday afternoon's press release as well as in the company's Form 10-K and Form 10-Q filed with the SEC.
As usual, this press release does include an attachment with definitions and reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures and other terms, which may be used in today's discussion. The attachment is also available on our website at www.avalonbay.com/earnings, and we encourage you to refer to this information during the review of our operating results and financial performance. And with that, I'll turn the call over to Tim Naughton, Chairman and CEO of AvalonBay Communities, for his remarks.
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
Well, thank you, Jason, and welcome to our fourth quarter call. With me today are Kevin O'Shea, Sean Breslin and Matt Birenbaum. Sean, Kevin and I will provide some comments on the slides that we posted last night, and then all of us will be available for Q&A afterwards. Our comments will focus on providing a summary of Q4 and the full year results and a discussion of our outlook for 2020. Starting on slide four. Highlights for the quarter and the year include core FFO growth of 5.2% in Q4 and 3.8% for the full year. Same-store revenue growth came in at 2.5% for the quarter and 2.8% when you include redevelopment. Full year same-store revenue growth came in at 2.9% or 3.1% including redevelopment.
We completed $335 million of new development in Q4 and $665 million for the year at a 6.5% yield and started just under $800 million last year. And lastly, we raised $1.3 billion in external capital for the year in a mix of asset sales, new debt net of redemptions and common equity at an average initial cost of 4.3%. The next few slides will provide a little more detail 2019 performance and provide context for our 2020 outlook. Journey first to slide five. During the year we saw the East Coast surpassed the West Coast and rent growth for the first time in eight years. And q4 the East outpaced the west by over 100 basis points led by Boston in the DC metro area, while we experienced some softening conditions in California. turning out a slide six, development continues to be a big contributor to nav growth in 2019. Development completions of 665 million created approximately 300 million in incremental value and a 30% margins. margins remains very healthy 10 years into the expansion. Moving now to slides seven and eight.
We made good progress in Southeast Florida and Denver over the last year, our expansion markets. To date, we've committed roughly $600 million to each market through a combination of acquisitions, development and partnering with local developers. These portfolios are comprised of new assets and, as you can see from the maps on slides seven and eight, are spread across a broad geography within the markets. Turning now to slide nine. We believe to be a great company, we need to take a multi-stakeholder approach to our business. We can only deliver strong financial results over a sustained period of time by having engaged associates, satisfied customers and the support of local communities by taking an active leadership role in addressing important environmental and social challenges.
And While we always strive to be better, we've been recognized for doing a good job in many of these areas over the past year, starting with our associates, as engagement scores were in the top decile, and we were named the glass doors list of Top 100 best Places to Work for the second consecutive year in 2019; With our customers as we ranked number one nationally among apartment reads bottom line reputation for the fourth consecutive year. And then lastly with our communities where our efforts on the ESG pride have been recognized by several organizations, including glaspie to recognize the AVB as the US and global leader in the residential sector by the carbon Disclosure Project or CDP, international organization that creates companies on the carbon emission disclosure practices across all industries, and he recently awarded to add agree that a minus one to four reads and the only apartment company three just received such a gread; by the science based targets initiative reviewed and approved add submittal for targeted reduction in carbon emissions by 2030.
We are one of 11 real estate companies globally and one of five REITs that have completed this process; and lastly, by CR Magazine, who ranked AVB in the top 100 corporate citizens globally for the second consecutive year out of a universe of over 1,000 companies. Turning now to slide 10. Now that the calendar has turned to 2020, we thought it made sense to look back on our performance over the last decade. In short, it's been a great decade and cycle for the apartment sector and for AvalonBay. Buoyed by strong demand fundamentals and attractive capital market conditions, we have seen healthy growth in earnings and NAV since 2010. For AVB, core FFO growth has averaged 10% on a compounded annual basis since 2010 or about 200 basis points above the sector. The absolute level of growth has been fueled by both strong internal growth, and same-store revenue growth has averaged over 4%; and as can be seen on slide 11, by strong external growth, mainly from contributions to new development as we consistently delivered new development at initial yields well above the marginal cost of capital and roughly 200 basis points above prevailing cap rates.
As you can see on the right-hand side of the slide, development deliveries since 2010 of just over $8 billion have generated more than $3 billion in initial value creation or roughly $26 per share. Turning now to our outlook for 2020 on slide 12. We're projecting core FFO growth of just over 5% this year mainly from a combination of same-store NOI growth of 3% and from stabilized new development, which is expected to generate more than $60 million in NOI in 2020. Turning to slide 13 and double-clicking on this a bit. The stabilized portfolio is expected to contribute roughly 3.5% of total core FFO growth in 2020. External growth or NOI from new investment net of capital costs is expected to contribute 2.7%. And overhead growth and loss of JV and funds income will actually provide a drag of about 110 basis points to growth, with about 1/3 of that 110 basis points coming from a loss of JV and fund fee income, about 1/3 from normal overhead growth in our base business and the remaining 1/3 coming from expense overhead that represents investment in innovation or other overhead that is projected to generate future ROI, some of which we will benefit from in 2020.
At 5.1%, the level of core FFO growth is expected to be 130 bps higher than 2019. The biggest driver for this is stronger external growth of roughly 200 basis points on a net basis driven by higher levels of deliveries in late 2019 and 2020 as well as a lower cost of capital raised last year. This is offset in part by the headwind from the loss of JV and fund income as we wind these vehicles down. Turning to slide 14. This slide provides a summary of the key economic factors driving much of our outlook. I won't go through everything here, but simply say while the GDP and job growth is expected to moderate from 2019, the strength of the consumer should provide a tailwind with tight labor markets, rising wages, healthy balance sheet, bolstering confidence, healthy consumption and household formation.
The business sector is expected to provide more crosswinds in 2020 versus 2019 as sluggish business investment should be offset in part by less concern surrounding a potential trade war. And lastly, the government sector should bolster the economy in 2020 as the lack of fiscal constraint and an accommodative Fed should provide added support to economic growth. So overall, it's shaping up as a good macro backdrop to support the economy and the housing sector for the year ahead.
I'll now turn it over to Sean who will provide more color on our outlook for the portfolio.
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Okay. Thanks, Tim. Turning to slide 15. This chart represents the actual 2019 and projected 2020 components of total personal income growth both for the U.S. and for our markets. As Tim noted, the consensus forecast is for decelerating job growth throughout 2020 in part due to continued structural factors constraining growth in the labor force. Consumers, however, are feeling reasonably confident given the low 3% wage growth they experienced in 2019 and the outlook for even stronger wage growth in 2020, which supports healthy demand for our business. Turning to slide 16. New supply for our market footprint is projected to be consistent with what we experienced during 2019 with increases in urban Boston, Northern New Jersey, Los Angeles and across the Northern California markets being offset by reductions in the Mid-Atlantic, Pacific Northwest and in New York City. Turning to slide 17.
Turning to slide 17, we expect seamster revenue growth of 2.7% for 2020. on a quarterly basis, revenue growth is projected to be strongest in the first quarter of the year, due to a number of unique factors, but should be relatively stable throughout the balance of the year. On the east coast, we expect a material improvement in performance in the Boston the Mid Atlantic regions, both supported by a decline in the pace of new deliveries in our sub markets. Results in Metro New York and New Jersey, however, will continue to be weighed down by the impact of the New York rent regulations adopted in mid 2019. shifting to the west coast, we expect continued healthy performance in the Pacific Northwest. Job growth exceeded 3% in 2019. And consensus expectations reflected job growth rate that's roughly one and a half times the national average in 2020. Relatively strong demand combined with a modest reduction in the pace of new deliveries should continue to produce greater than 3% revenue growth in the region.
Turning to California. We expect decelerating performance in both regions. In Northern California, job growth is projected to decelerate from roughly 2.6% in 2019 to 1% in 2020. In addition, new supply is projected to increase by roughly 800 units in San Francisco and between 1,000 and 1,200 units in each of San Jose and the East Bay, weighing on performance throughout the year. In Southern California, job growth is projected to fall from 1.6% in 2019 to about 80 basis points in 2020. On the supply side, while new deliveries are expected to be relatively flat year-over-year in Orange County and San Diego, deliveries in L.A. are projected to increase by roughly 1,500 units as compared to 2019. And from a broader perspective, we continue to expect a headwind from New York rent regulations that were adopted during mid-2019 and implementation of Assembly Bill 1482 in California.
The impact of these two rent regulations on our full year 2020 rental revenue growth rate is estimated to be between 15 and 20 basis points. Turning to slide 18. Our outlook reflects sub-2% same-store operating expense growth in 2020, with increases in various controllable and noncontrollable expense categories partially offset by a reduction in payroll costs. The reduction in payroll expense is driven by our innovation efforts, particularly those related to reimagining the leasing experience for our customers and associates. As I mentioned last quarter, elements of redesigned experience includes the use of an AI-powered, automated agent for lead management purposes and a more dynamic demand-driven staffing model. Additional elements that are under way and projected to yield a benefit in 2020 include more self-guided tours and an express move-in process.
Through year-end 2019, we have reduced our on-site sales and management staff by approximately 7.5% relative to our baseline staffing in 2018 and expect to stabilize at a roughly 10% to 12% reduction later this year. Of our total increase in same-store operating expenses, roughly 60% is related to growth in property taxes and insurance. Given the timing of tax appeals and supplemental assessments in various markets, along with the timing of certain items in various expense categories, we expect operating expense growth to be front-weighted in 2020, as noted in the text box on slide 18. And with that summary of our markets and outlook for the portfolio,
I'll turn it over to Kevin to talk about our development activity and the balance sheet.
Kevin O'Shea -- Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Sean. Turning to slide 19. Since the middle of the last decade when new development starts averaged $1.4 billion per year, we've reduced starts to about $800 million per year. This shift was driven by both a reduced opportunity set for attractive development and by a desire to limit development activity to an amount we could fund on a leverage-neutral basis without needing to access the equity market. For 2020, we expect to start about $900 million in new development on projects that we expect will not only improve the quality of our portfolio but also generate compelling value creation in line with recent completions. Turning to slide 20. As Sean has just outlined, we continue to innovate across our operating platform, investing in initiatives that will allow us to better serve our customer while generating higher returns for our shareholders. For 2020, our investment in these initiatives is expected to account for roughly half the increase in expense overhead costs adjusted for noncore items.
Turning the slide 21, we show our $4.2 billion pipeline future development opportunities, which are controlled at a very modest cost, and offer a lot of flexibility as it relates to the timing of the start of construction.Out but half of our development rights or conventional conditional agreements, or options to purchase land with private third party land sellers, the remaining half is split between asset densification opportunities, where we are pursuing additional density of existing stabilize assets, and public private partnerships, which are generally long term development efforts that span a number of years. These types of projects allow more flexibility to align the started construction with favorable market conditions. In addition, it's worth noting that in creating this pipeline, we've been careful to limit our financial exposure so that we enjoy an attractive set of development opportunities at a modest upfront costs.
At the end of the fourth quarter, land held for development was 0, an all-time low, and pursuit costs represented an additional $70 million. This allows us to control over $4 billion of future development across our markets for an upfront investment of less than 2% of projected total capital costs. Turning to slide 22. As we've discussed before, another way in which we mitigate risk from development is by substantially match-funding development under way with long-term capital. This allows us to lock in development profit and reduce development exposure to future changes in capital costs. As you can see on this slide, we were approximately 85% match-funded against development under way at the end of the fourth quarter of 2019.
On slide 23, we show several of our key credit metrics and compare these to the multifamily REIT sector average. As you can see, our credit metrics remain strong in both absolute and relative terms, reflecting our superior financial flexibility. Specifically, at year-end, net debt to core EBITDA was low at 4.6x, unencumbered NOI was high at 93%, and the weighted average years to maturity of our debt -- total debt outstanding remained high at about nine years.
And with that, I'll turn it back to Tim.
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
All right, great. Thanks, Kevin. So in summary, just on slide 24, 2019 played out more or less as expected, a good year for the apartment sector. We delivered 3%-plus NOI growth, we completed $665 million of accretive development, and we made good progress in growing our presence in our expansion markets. In 2020, we expect the economy and apartment market to remain healthy. For AVB, we're expecting same-store NOI growth of 3%. External growth will be stronger than what we experienced in 2019 due to higher levels of deliveries and lower capital costs. And lastly, we plan to continue to operate the business, as Kevin mentioned, in a risk-measured way with respect to capital formation and deployment, recognizing that we are 10 years into the current expansion. And with that, Nadia, we'll open up the call for questions.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
[Operator Instructions]We'll first go to Nick Joseph from Citi. Please go ahead.
Nick Joseph -- Citi -- Analyst
Thanks. Sean, you talked about the innovation efforts. What do you estimate the total opportunity to be in terms of either NOI or margin? And then how much will you realize in 2020 versus future years?
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Yes, Nick, good question. What I'd probably point you back to and happy to talk about it further is the comments we provided last quarter. We went through several slides, and we talked about roughly a 50 basis point improvement in margins for each of two primary activities: one, sort of on the -- what we call sort of the leasing journeys, leasing and move-in process combined; and then on the maintenance side of the house, about another 50 basis points related to efficiency opportunities in that bucket as well. In terms of what we are going to see in 2020, I would describe it this way. We started this back in late 2018.
As we move through 2020, sort of our run rate by the end of 2020, which is associated with the leasing side of this, which is really what's paying off, in 2020, we'll be somewhere in the range of $7 million to $8 million. And then we'll be bleeding in the maintenance activities later this year. So you really won't see as much of that benefit until subsequent years. And there are additional components to the leasing side that will also bleed in, in subsequent years. So you'll see more as it moves into '21, '22. But as it relates to '20, sort of the aggregate impact that's flowing through represents two years of activity and roughly a $7 million to $8 million benefit.
Nick Joseph -- Citi -- Analyst
That's helpful. And then just on same-store revenue growth, in 2019, you had 20 basis points benefit from redevelopment. And then I know a lot of your peers include that in their same-store guidance. So for 2020, what do you expect that benefit to be from redevelopment activity?
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Yes. On rental revenue, we expect it to be about 15 basis points and, on NOI, about 20.
Nick Joseph -- Citi -- Analyst
Right. Thank you.
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Yep.
Operator
We'll next go with Rich Hightower from Evercore. Please go ahead.
Rich Hightower -- Evercore -- Analyst
Good afternoon, guys. I'm just looking at the market-by-market chart for same-store revenue. And just as you look at New York, what would it take to get to the high end of the range this year, that sort of 3% number given what we -- what you're baking in with respect to the rent regs? And maybe as an add-on to that, you can maybe talk about what the new broker fee rules mean, if anything, for your portfolio or just the landscape in New York.
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Yes. Rich, it's Sean. I mean the fundamental issue is just better overall rent change as we move through the year. If you look at what we're anticipating in the sort of Metro New York/New Jersey region in 2020 versus 2019 is like-term lease rent change coming down around 40, 50 basis points. So depending on what happens with various market conditions and particularly the suburban markets for us is what's going to move the needle. So depending on how things manifest themselves with job growth, if things are stronger, we might see a benefit there. But we're trying to reflect what the macro assumptions are for the economic environment there. The constraints imposed by the loss of fees, that will continue to bleed through. Those are -- the fees are known. But really, it's on the demand side and pushing more rental rate through the suburban portfolio for the most part that would push those numbers up.
Rich Hightower -- Evercore -- Analyst
Okay. And any insight on the new broker fee rules...
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Yes. And then on the broker fees, that's -- sorry, that's really not material for us. Our portfolio there, we really haven't paid brokers in quite some time. We have a handful of the JV assets that have paid a few, but we have paid those fees as opposed to pushing them back on to the residents. So from what you see from a total reporting standpoint, it's immaterial. There's basically no difference for us.
Rich Hightower -- Evercore -- Analyst
Okay. Yes, that's what I thought. Just wanted to confirm that. And then maybe with respect to capital sources guidance for the year and maybe a question for Kevin. Just I guess outside of condo sales, which are -- which you do disclose, can you just break down that bucket, the $1.4 billion between asset sales and sort of other capital markets, whether other equity or debt? Just help us understand kind of where the most favorable cost of capital is from that perspective right now or how you guys think about it.
Kevin O'Shea -- Chief Financial Officer
Sure, Rich. It's Kevin. So just a few things. As you saw from the release, we anticipate sourcing external capital of about $1.4 billion in 2020. And I guess the first thing to point out is we expect to do so on a roughly leverage-neutral basis relative to net debt to EBITDA where we are at 4.6 turns at the end of 2019. So roughly flat to that in terms of how we bring in the mix of capital. As you know, there's three markets we intend to look at: unsecured debt markets, the asset sale market and the equity markets. Here, we do have condo sales happening that are in the mix. Our capital plan for $1.4 billion, we don't typically break it down in detail. But when you model it out, just bear in mind we tend to be leverage-neutral, and we do not have equity in the plan. It's a combination of debt, mostly unsecured debt, wholly owned dispositions and condo sales, which you can see from our earnings release we expect about $240 million in condo sales over this year.
Rich Hightower -- Evercore -- Analyst
Got it. Thank you.
Operator
We'll next go with Richard Hill from Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead.
Lauren Weston -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Hi guys, This is Lauren Weston on for Richard Hill. Appreciate your comments on expense guidance. If you could just help us understand, this is the lowest guidance we've seen in recent history. So I just want to get a sense if this is the new run rate or really particular to 2020. Obviously, the focus is on payrolls coming down sequentially. But can you just give us some more color on sort of what we should expect going forward beyond 2020?
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
This is Sean. Providing expense guidance well beyond 2020 is speculative at best. But I mean what I would say is that the big categories to really think about, without giving you sort of precise answers in terms of what to think about for 2021 and beyond, is our property taxes are more than 1/3 of our expense structure. And if you look at that, I think values are growing at a pace that's a little bit above inflation, but you don't have the same kind of acceleration based on the significant run-up in values that we've seen in this cycle. So you should start to see that level off for us. And then in addition, we don't have really a large portfolio of 421-a assets or other pilot assets that are bleeding in at a very high rate.
So that will help contain the overall expense growth in property taxes. The other big piece is payroll. You kind of know what's happening with wage growth in payroll, which is sort of in the low to mid-3% range. But our job is to try to innovate as best we can to contain that. Minus 1.5 is not a sustainable run rate as you put things through, but we would expect to continue at something below inflationary levels for wage growth based on the innovation that we expect over the next few years. And then the other one's really kind of the other -- like R&M and some of those things really sort of grow at inflationary levels for the most part. So those are kind of the big pieces and the way I'd think about each one.
Lauren Weston -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Okay. That's helpful. And then a follow-up if I can. Just in the Pacific Northwest, a little bit of a spike there. I saw a footnote in the supplement, but any other color you can add on the appeal process there and the success there?
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Yes. That change in expenses in Pacific Northwest was driven by successful appeals actually in the fourth quarter and the prior period. As you may know, early last year, I think all of us benefited from a reduction in rates throughout the various counties within which we operate across Greater Seattle, Pacific Northwest region. But we also had the benefit of appeals that were realized in the fourth quarter of 2018, which put upward pressure on the growth rate in Q4 of '19.
Lauren Weston -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Thanks.
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Thank you.
Operator
[Operator Instructions]We'll next go with Alua Askarbek from Bank of America. Please go ahead.
Alua Askarbek -- Bank of America -- Analyst
Hi, guys, thank you for taking the call. So just a little bit about Seattle further. It appears that Seattle's continued to weaken. Can we get any extra color there in terms of the supply impact and when you expect the bulk of it to pass with supply coming down next year?
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Yes. As it relates to Seattle, some commentary just on our performance there in the fourth quarter, a bit of sort of unusual onetime things coming through that depressed our growth rate in the quarter down to 2.2%. Our actual base rental revenue growth rate, we kind of just think about the residential component, was 3.1%. But as a result of a number of sort of onetime things in the other rental revenue category, we lost about 90 basis points. And that relates to payments we received for revenue share in prior years -- the prior year, excuse me, as well as a onetime thing in terms of cancellation fees that didn't come through in December and came through in January.
I would say that our overall performance in the Pacific Northwest is quite healthy. It's probably the strongest in the portfolio right now in terms of rent change. January rent change across Seattle was almost 5%, and revenue growth in January is popping back up and should be in about the mid-3%, mid-3.5% range or so. So -- I wouldn't extrapolate from the fourth quarter performance into 2020. We still expect it to be a very healthy market this year.
Alua Askarbek -- Bank of America -- Analyst
Got it. And then just a little bit on the supply. What are you thinking about it for the rest of the year? And when do you think most of the supply will peak or pass?
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
In terms of Seattle specifically?
Alua Askarbek -- Bank of America -- Analyst
Yes.
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Seattle, specifically we're expecting it to come down in 2020. The pace of deliveries on a quarter-by-quarter basis is pretty evenly spread. It's 1,800 to 2,000 units a quarter or so. There's a little bit more in Q1. But for the most part, it's not materially different in terms of the pace of deliveries throughout the year.
Alua Askarbek -- Bank of America -- Analyst
Okay, great, thank you.
Operator
We'll next go with John Kim from BMO Capital Markets. Please go ahead.
John Kim -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst
Can you comment on what you're seeing as far as development yields in Southeast Florida and Denver versus your legacy markets?
Matthew H. Birenbaum -- Chief Investment Officer
Sure, John. This is Matt. I can comment on that a little bit. It's -- the first thing I'd say, it's a little bit of an apple and an orange because we have not obviously been in those markets for the same length of time and the same kind of depth of experience. So we do expect going in that for us, anyway, the yields will be a little bit lower at first and that hopefully over time, as we establish our position there, we'll be able to post even stronger returns. So in Florida, we are -- we're really partnering with other developers there. So the yield to us is thinner because we are not taking the construction risk or the entitlement risk. We're really just taking the lease-up risk on those deals.
So we're looking at kind of low five yields for us on those types of deals where there's a sponsor who's taking a significant amount of the value spread, if you will. In Denver, we just started the deal last quarter in RiNo. That is our first ground-up development in Denver and that is not with a partner. That was a Bi-Rite deal in the City of Denver, so a pretty predictable process in terms of getting our permits. And that's kind of the high five yields. And I think that's probably what we're seeing right now there just given it is a market that's seeing a lot of hard cost pressure. So I would imagine over time that both of those markets, we'd be in the high 5s, that -- maybe even low 6s in certain cases, but probably more likely kind of mid- to high 5s.
John Kim -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst
And when do you think you'd get into enough critical mass to bring management in-house in those markets?
Matthew H. Birenbaum -- Chief Investment Officer
Denver, we actually have brought management in-house. We brought management in-house late last year. And we do think that over time, that will be an advantage for us. And Florida, we're kind of looking at that now. So I think that's in the plan for later this year.
John Kim -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst
Okay. And then -- and just to follow up on the New York announcement banning broker fees, I realize maybe not a direct impact to you, but I'm wondering if you -- what you think about how this impacts the market and if you subscribe to the view that this will lead to higher rents in New York.
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Yes. This is Sean, John. Hard to say. It's really just kind of the cost has been there. I think it's -- the question is how does it affect sort of landlord behavior and whether they continue to encourage brokers in the same way or not. There are a lot of people that do, and there are a lot of people that don't. So I think it's kind of behavioral at this point in terms of how it's going to impact things. I mean the demand is the fundamental demand to find a unit to occupy. The question is who's paying the transaction costs or if there is one. So it's hard -- too hard to tell in terms of where that's going to come out.
John Kim -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst
What about market share? Is there a chance that you are better positioned than some of your peers?
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
I don't know about that. I think certainly, the -- us and our other REIT peers, in terms of the sophisticated systems we have around digital marketing and penetration efforts there and other sources of demand, are probably more well positioned in the short run. In the long run, the market will correct to reflect the dynamics of the regulatory environment. So in the long run, it may be at par, but I'd say those with more scale that can push through more digital marketing efforts on average, the margin price should benefit some, yes.
John Kim -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
We'll next go with John Guinee from Stifel. Please go ahead.
John Guinee -- Stifel -- Analyst
Great. Very nice guidance, guys, gentlemen, thank you. Hey, I was looking at the recent CBRE stats, and I think those guides are pretty good. And over the last four years, you've seen completions average about 67,000 a quarter, and over the last two years, you've seen starts about 100,000 or more a quarter. It just seems with those kind of basic numbers, it's only a matter of time before deliveries bounced up over 100 a quarter. Does that make sense to you guys and if you guys factored that into your medium-term thinking?
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
It's Tim here. In terms of our markets, starts have actually been pretty flat. Nationally, that's -- I mean our numbers, I think, closer to -- have been running more in the mid-3s and are starting to inch up to 400, if not just a little bit more than that. So I -- your numbers don't sync up quite the same as at least the numbers we use to track national starts. But in our markets, I think it's been running in the -- so it's 80,000 or something like that. And it's been pretty flat over the last few years, last three years.
John Guinee -- Stifel -- Analyst
Great, thank you.
Operator
We'll next go with Nick Yulico from Scotiabank. Please go ahead.
Nick Yulico -- Scotiabank -- Analyst
Thanks In terms of the development starts, so just hoping to get a feeling for the yield you expect on the new starts this year and also maybe a preview on the type of product and markets that you're focused on.
Matthew H. Birenbaum -- Chief Investment Officer
Sure, Nick. It's Matt. Our starts basket for this year, obviously, it can change a little bit based on kind of how the year shakes out. But it's probably a low to mid-6s yield, kind of somewhere in that 6.3, 6.4, 6.5 range. And that's really driven a lot by the mix of business. There's one or two deals in Long Island that we will hope to start this year, one or two deals in Northern New Jersey. Both of those are markets that tend to be higher yield -- higher development yield margin. We do have a big deal in L.A. in downtown, the Arts District we're looking to start; and then probably one deal each in Denver and Florida. So it's a nice mix, but on average, more in some of those higher-yield markets.
Nick Yulico -- Scotiabank -- Analyst
Okay. That's helpful. And then I just had a question about the condo sales, the gross proceeds this year of $230 million to $250 million. Can you give us a feel for what percentage of the project that is? Is it 40% to 50%? Just trying to feel -- get a feel for how much proceeds are still left to come back as capital after this year.
Matthew H. Birenbaum -- Chief Investment Officer
Sure. This is Matt. Again, I can speak to that. So just where we stand as of right now today, we have three units that have actually closed, that closed in January, that represented about $10 million in gross proceeds. We have 51 additional executed contracts with deposits up that represent about another $150 million. And of those 51, actually, we expect 43 to close before the end of Q1 in February and March. So most of those proceeds should come in, in the next couple of months.
And then we actually have seven additional offers, which we've accepted, but they're not yet in contract. So a good amount of that is spoken for. But in terms of what's actually in contract or closed, it would be those 54 and $160 million. Now that is not a pro rata share of the building based on which units happen to be selling and settling first. So you can't just take that as a percentage of the unit count. What's left to sell is probably a little more than that pro rata because there's some high-value units at the top of the building that are not in that number. But it gives you a good sense of where we are.
Nick Yulico -- Scotiabank -- Analyst
Okay. Yes. I guess I was just wondering, I think in the past, you guys have said somewhere around $3 million a unit. So that would get to right around, say, $500 million of total gross proceeds from the condos, which means you get half of that this year and half of that in 2021. Is that the right way to think about it?
Matthew H. Birenbaum -- Chief Investment Officer
Yes. I mean we'll see where the market -- we'll see where the market goes from here. Sales pace could be better or faster or slower. But like I said, we know that we have a fair amount of that already kind of spoken for.
Nick Yulico -- Scotiabank -- Analyst
Okay, thanks.
Operator
We'll next go with Drew Babin from Baird. please go ahead.
Alex -- Baird -- Analyst
Good afternoon. This is Alex [Phonetic] on for Drew. We were hoping if you guys could provide color on January leasing terms in Northern California, and maybe if you guys could just speak to kind of the dynamics you're seeing. And I know you referenced kind of a pretty significant deceleration in employment growth. And it looked like there was another significant deceleration in the like-term effective rent in the second half of '19. So just any color on that market and kind of what you saw in January would be helpful.
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Yes. Alex, this is Sean. A couple of things I'd say. One is Northern California overall, we expect more supply to come in this year. As I noted in my prepared remarks, overall, it's about a 25% increase across the three markets in terms of deliveries, and there's definitely some of that coming into play in the first quarter. So one of the things that we did, just given what we're seeing in San Francisco and how we think about a couple of other markets is we did try to build occupancy a little bit more than we might otherwise have done in the fourth quarter, particularly late in the fourth quarter. And you see that reflected in the rent change that we reported on last night.
So Northern California was weak. It -- that carried over into January where blended rent change was about 60 basis points or so. It is the lowest of the regions in terms of rent change for January. And when you look at it in terms of kind of where rents are today, asking rents relative to last year, they're up about 1.5%, which is one of the lowest of the regions at this point in time. So it's a little choppy right now with some new deliveries coming in. And our expectations for continued deceleration in employment growth, we'll see how it plays out throughout the balance of the year in terms of overall performance. But we are expecting about an 80 basis point reduction in like-term rent change across the region relative to what we actually produced in 2019.
Alex -- Baird -- Analyst
That's really helpful. And then one more question for me. Can you speak to the Alderwood Mall development? Is there a retailer kind of mixed-use component? Is your partner related to the mall at all? Just kind of curious what went into the underwriting there and if there's more opportunity kind of paired with a retail component or kind of next door.
Matthew H. Birenbaum -- Chief Investment Officer
Sure. This is Matt. Absolutely. Well, so that deal is a joint venture with Brookfield Retail Partners, the former GGP, who own the mall. It's actually the site of the former Sears box, and it is part of the densification play at that mall. There will be retail on the ground for the building that we will not own that Brookfield will own. So we don't necessarily have any exposure to the retail. But we do think that this is a growing line of business for us. We're pretty excited about it and a model that we hope to replicate in a number of other locations. This would be the first -- it's planned to be a long-term joint venture where we will own the asset together going forward, and we will earn some fees associated with that. We did -- we actually did also start -- one of our other starts this quarter was Woburn in suburban Boston. That's one of these lifestyle center, not a regional mall, deals, which is a partnership with EDENS. It's actually the second deal we've done with EDENS. The first was Mosaic here in Northern Virginia, which is eight or nine years old now, seven years old.
And we actually have a third deal, hopefully, to be coming in the next couple of years as well in Central New Jersey. So we do see this as a trend that's growing. It's, frankly, been a little more difficult to get at it than maybe we had originally thought, particularly on the mall sites where all of these sites are encumbered with cross easements, and there's a lot of parties at the table, including sometimes multiple anchors at the mall that have some say in this. So -- but we are making good progress. We have other deals in the pipeline that hopefully will be similar. And we do think it's something that plays to our strengths as a competitive advantage for us because they're typically not broadly marketed land sites. It's important to the seller who's our partner that the quality of the execution and the certainty of the execution, the balance sheet, all the other things we bring to the table matter just as much as just the raw land value.
Alex -- Baird -- Analyst
That's really helpful. Thanks for taking the questions.
Operator
We'll next go with Richard Skidmore from Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead.
Richard Skidmore -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Good afternoon. Just a question on future development. slide 19, as you look at that slide over the next two to three years, do you stay in that kind of range? Do you -- and what might change your view to either go up or down?
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
Yes, Tim here. Of the $4 billion, we think that could support about $1 billion a year roughly in starts, so plus or minus a couple hundred million. As Kevin mentioned in his remarks, we have been more in the $800 million range, recently expect to start around $900 million this year. The reality is you can't bring that up too quickly just because of the gestation periods on these deals. It's often two or three years. So it would take -- for us to really materially increase starts three years from now, we'd have to be starting today in effect. And the reality is just the -- other than maybe the mixed-use opportunity that Matt mentioned, the opportunity set isn't as compelling 10 years into the cycle as it was five or six years ago.
Richard Skidmore -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Got it. And then just to follow up in terms of the future development rights, looks like about 50% of the future development rights are in the Metro New York/New Jersey area. How -- maybe talk a little bit about how you're thinking about New York/New Jersey given the regulations and other things? And is that how we should think about the focus as you go forward, that you'll be focused a bit more on New York/New Jersey?
Matthew H. Birenbaum -- Chief Investment Officer
No, not necessarily, Richard. This is Matt. If you look at where our starts have actually been the last couple of years, I think that is probably more representative of what's likely to be the start mix over the next couple of years where Metro New York has been -- I don't think we started anything in Metro New York last year. It was 20% of our starts in '18, and it's as much as 40% of our starts this year. But if you average that over three years, then it's maybe 20%, 25% of our start volume. It is a disproportionate share of our development rights pipeline.
Some of that is because some of those deals are long-gestating entitlement plays where not all of them may make it through, and we don't necessarily have to invest a whole lot to see if they're going to make it through in some markets in New Jersey or Long Island, for example. And then there's a couple of very large deals there that may or may not come to fruition in this particular cycle that we've talked about on some prior calls. So there's a couple of very large high-rise deals in there that we think really do kind of move that needle, in a rough sense, they're past that $2 billion, if you will, which is New York.
Richard Skidmore -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
We'll next go with Derek Johnston from Deutsche Bank. please go ahead.
Derek Johnston -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
To begin, we see the Boston Metro area has experienced some solid rental and revenue growth this year, and supply is expected to actually taper in 2020, yet some metrics are pointing toward decelerating rent growth as well. I wanted to see how your team views AVB's submarket exposure there.
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Yes. Derek, we didn't hear the first part of the question. Would you mind restating the question clearly, please?
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
You're coming through very faintly.
Derek Johnston -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Oh, sorry. I'm looking at the Boston Metro area. We see there is some solid rental and revenue growth, and supply is supposed to taper in 2020, and some of the metrics are actually pointing toward decelerating rent growth. I was kind of seeing what your team views AVB's submarket exposure there.
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Yes. No, got it. Yes. So as I mentioned in my prepared remarks, we are expecting deliveries to increase in the urban Boston. If you look at sort of Back Bay downtown and sort of adjoining submarkets, I think it's an additional 1,200, 1,300 units coming into that submarket. But if you look at the suburban submarkets overall, supply is relatively stable. So our portfolio, which is primarily suburban, we think will continue to benefit. And that's why we see some acceleration of rental revenue growth in 2020 as compared to what we produced in 2019.
Derek Johnston -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Awesome. And then looking over at expense forecast for the noncontrollable items, the full year setup really looks quite similar to 2019. But are there any notable upcoming tax items that we should look for this year?
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Notable, I don't think there's anything notable per se. In terms of the noncontrollable components, that represents about 16% of our projected opex increase in 2020, and taxes, we're expecting sub-3% growth. There may be some benefits there because there were substantial increases in assessments and rates in New England in the fourth quarter that were not anticipated that obviously we had to book. So we expect some appeals to work their way through the system and benefit us potentially in 2020 or 2021. So taxes, as I mentioned a little bit earlier in response to a question, we think are -- should be relatively stable in terms of the growth rate. And the noise you're going to see from quarter-to-quarter, year in, year out, is going to be more around the timing of supplemental assessments or appeals or things of that sort. And so it's just too early to tell where that's going to come out this year.
Derek Johnston -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
Got it. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you We'll next go with John Pawlowski from Green Street Advisors. Please go ahead.
John Pawlowski -- Green Street Advisors -- Analyst
Sean, I was hoping you could elaborate more on your comments around the choppiness in San Francisco as January unfolded, and I know there's a lot of supply. Are you seeing anything on the ground that suggests demand is easing? Just any comments on concession trends as fourth quarter passed and we're into 2020 now, how that's faring one way or the other?
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Thanks, Yes. John, I'd say it's probably a little too early to tell. I think ourselves and maybe a couple of others sort of anticipated what was coming online and took a slightly more defensive posture sort of late November, December in particular. And that bled into some move-ins in January that impacted January rent change. There are concessions in the market -- whether you want to call it just a reduction in rent or a concession, there's some softness there. Not to target for ourselves, if there's a big shift in demand, we're not necessarily seeing that. When we pull the marketing levers, we get more demand. The question is just how much we pull them. So I think it's a little too early to tell if it's purely just supply versus demand, but my sense is it's more supply. I'll probably have a better sense by the time we get to the next quarter call.
John Pawlowski -- Green Street Advisors -- Analyst
Okay. Understood. And then I want to -- Matt or Tim, wanted to head back to the suburban New York and New Jersey comments. And the market fundamentals right now are decelerating from already pretty restrained levels as the development pipeline just naturally increases your exposure to Jersey and suburban New York. Are you seeing anything on the ground today that gets you a bit more enthused about the demand backdrop over the next three to five years in these markets? Are you going to let that exposure drift higher as the developments earn in? Or will there be some disposition activity to pare that development exposure?
Matthew H. Birenbaum -- Chief Investment Officer
It's Matt. Yes. I don't know that our view on the kind of fundamentals about those markets has changed. In particular, what we have done and what we will continue to do is try and make sure that our portfolio is balanced. And so that does sometimes lead to disposition activity. There's certainly been -- if you look back over the last five, six years, a lot more of our disposition activity has been concentrated in the New York Metro area. And until we get the JV in late '18, all of that was in the suburbs. So we haven't been selling anything in the city. So a lot of that -- we just sold an asset in Connecticut that closed in January. We have an asset that we would probably sell here in Central Jersey that may close in the second quarter or late in the first quarter. So that's the way we're thinking about it.
Those investments that we've been making have been among the best investments in our entire portfolio. When you look at the total IRR on those investments, they tend to start out at a very high development yield. And then some of -- usually, they actually grow pretty well for the first couple of years as they kind of find their footing in the submarket. It's not the most dynamic market among our footprint. So obviously, it doesn't necessarily have the same long-term growth profile. And so that's how we try and balance that out, is through dispositions, particularly some of the older assets there.
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
Yes, John. And just maybe to add to that, I agree with everything Matt said. With respect to the $2.2 billion of development rights in New York, New Jersey, I think Matt mentioned earlier, actually a little over half of it is just two deals, one of which is on -- is a densification play on our site, and the other is a public-private deal that is not likely to happen anytime soon just given it's sort of caught up in politics at the moment. So it's really about -- it's closer to $1 billion in that -- in the Metro New York, New Jersey when you kind of correct those 2, which is about 1/3 of kind of what remains, which isn't kind of too far off our total allocation to the Metro area. And as Matt mentioned, as you've seen, the disposition focus has really been in the Northeast as we recycle that back into development as well as acquisitions in other markets, particularly the expansion market.
John Pawlowski -- Green Street Advisors -- Analyst
Okay, excellent.
Operator
Thank you We'll next go with Wes Golladay from the Royal Bank of Canada. Please go ahead.
Steve -- The Royal Bank of Canada -- Analyst
Hi, guys, This is Steve [Phonetic] for Wes. Just a quick question about cost of capital and insights of development for the next couple of years. If we stay in a low yield environment, you're looking at pretty low cost of capital going forward. Are you going to sort of look at your hurdle rates for your next years or years following the development pipeline and start taking, I guess, what would be lower compared to your historical hurdle rate?
Matthew H. Birenbaum -- Chief Investment Officer
Yes. It's -- we have -- this is Matt. We actually do have a target return matrix that does vary with our cost of capital. So there is kind of an automatic systematic adjustment in our system. As our cost of capital goes up, our target returns go up and vice versa. And so actually, if you look at it today, our target returns on new investment are probably as low as they have been in certainly this entire cycle. And that is a reflection of kind of what our cost of capital is today. Now having said that, it's not a simple, "Gosh, now we'll take 50 basis points lower on the development yield or an acquisition." We're also looking at total basis. We're also looking at kind of what the risks associated with that are. So it's not a simple formula, but it does definitely bear on our thinking a bit. And we've seen that some when you look at some of the more recent stores.
Steve -- The Royal Bank of Canada -- Analyst
Perfect. That's all I got.
Operator
Thank you We'll next go with Rich Anderson from SMBC. Please go ahead.
Rich Anderson -- SMBC -- Analyst
Thanks. Good morning. Good afternoon. Excuse me. So when I was looking back at this time last year in your guidance, one item stuck out at me. And that was your supply -- or you -- I'd say your deliveries estimated for 2019 were 2.3% of stock and ended the year at 1.8%, and that's your estimate for this coming year. So it doesn't appear like the decline from 2.3% at this time last year to the actual that you're seeing today at 1.8% was a function of slippage. So can you explain what the decline came from, if there is anything meaningful there?
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Yes, Rich. This is Sean. What I'd say is we basically adjusted 2020 numbers to reflect our history in terms of the margin of error on delivery schedules. So if you look at it sort of on a gross basis based on what people would say, if this is what we plan to deliver and when we plan to deliver it, we basically haircut it to reflect sort of a probability-weighted estimate given our history. So that's really what's factored into what you're seeing there in terms of the 1.8% to 1.8%. It would have been probably closer to 2%.
Rich Anderson -- SMBC -- Analyst
Yes. Yes, right. And what happened to the 2.3% to 1.8% over the course of the year? Or do those projects just go turn off? Or what happened?
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
No, they bleed into the subsequent period. So they'll be bleeding into 2020, but that would have been reflected in the total anticipated deliveries in 2020 that there are other deliveries behind those deals that have now been pushed into a subsequent period.
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
This is Tim. I think this cycle has been more of a shortage of skilled labor than we've seen in past cycles, and we just haven't experienced this in the past, these kind of delays. I'm not talking about Avalon. I'm talking about the market in general. And it's very common to hear projects being delayed, once they start construction, by six to 12 months by the time they finish it. And it's just a -- it really is a labor issue. So I think it's an issue for the country, but it's certainly an issue for our industry.
Rich Anderson -- SMBC -- Analyst
Okay. It's still -- I would think then the 1.8% would be a higher number that might trend down over the course of the year because of that slippage, but I understand.
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
Yes. Yes, maybe the shortages are a little less acute today than they were a year ago as well.
Rich Anderson -- SMBC -- Analyst
Okay. Fair enough. On the -- still on development for you guys, over $60 million or so assumed development NOI in 2020. That's a fairly equivalent number to what you produced in 2017 and 2018. You had a little bit of a hiccup downward in 2019. Is this range, $60 million-ish sort of like what we should expect on a go-forward basis for you with the 2019 maybe just being an aberration? And the reason why I ask is because what you guys have historically done as a company is produced a certain level of same-store growth but also a number at the FFO line that's much larger than that. And part of that is a function of capital allocation but also amount of development that comes online. So I'm just trying to get a sense of the cadence going forward because I hate it when I see same-store growth being at or greater than FFO growth.
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
Yes. Rich, Tim here. As Kevin mentioned in his remarks, we've been talking about $800 million to $900 million a year recently at an average -- and we've been stabilizing in the low 6% range. So I think it's just math. That probably gets you closer to $50 million, low 50s going forward rather than $60 million, $65 million, which is where we were kind of toward mid-cycle when we were starting north of $1 billion a year.
Rich Anderson -- SMBC -- Analyst
Okay. Last question for me. This time again last year, you predicted your same-store number, and you nailed it pretty much on the nose in terms of the actual result. FFO, the prediction, the guidance actually was lighter than what you actually produced by about 80 or 100 basis points. So when you think about the potential to do better over the course of this year, do you think it comes from development? Or does it -- or can it still come from internal sources?
Kevin O'Shea -- Chief Financial Officer
So Rich, this is Kevin. In terms of our guidance this time last year for core FFO, we were at $9.30, and so we ended up at $9.34. So we beat by $0.04. We didn't come in 80 basis points below. So unless there's something else you want to -- I mean, a clarification, but that's -- those are the facts on the core FFO.
Rich Anderson -- SMBC -- Analyst
Okay, maybe I miss miss all that but I'll let it go. Thanks very much.
Operator
We'll next go with Austin Wurschmidt from KeyBanc Capital Markets. Please go ahead.
Austin Wurschmidt -- KeyBanc Capital Markets -- Analyst
Good afternoon, Tim, in your presentation, you highlighted the above-average compound annual growth in FFO that you've generated versus peers this cycle. But as you shrink the size of the development pipeline and to the extent that maybe same-store, depending on definition, lagging peers at face today, how do you generate above-average FFO growth versus the sector in the coming years?
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
Yes, and a good question. First of all, the level of alpha was higher for the first five years of that decade than the last 5. And that, I think, speaks directly to the point where we have -- we've had a little bit less external growth in the last couple of years, last two or three years than we did in the prior years. On the issue of same-store, I just would really caution you on that one. There's a -- capex is really distorting numbers for the industry right now. So you really have to look closely, particularly at that revenue-enhancing or NOI-enhancing capex that everyone is spending in a particular year.
I think when you sort of cut through it, you're going to find that there's not a big outlier there. Particularly, we're not a big outlier. I can tell you that. So I think -- and then when you look at sort of the market overlap, of the seven large incumbents here, there's a lot of overlap. We're all kind of -- have similar exposure. There's not a lot of alpha from what I can tell from a week ago. So the alphas generally come from external investment activities, and virtually all -- that full 200 basis points has come from raising and deploying that capital in what we believe is the most accretive way, which has largely been through development, to a lesser extent, redevelopment.
Austin Wurschmidt -- KeyBanc Capital Markets -- Analyst
I appreciate that. I mean I know you're below your target leverage today, but would you be willing to operate at higher leverage given the reduced funding risk associated with development and a shrinking pipeline?
Kevin O'Shea -- Chief Financial Officer
Yes, this is Kevin here. I mean we are -- our general range for leverage is kind of five to six turns on a net debt-to-EBITDA basis. We're, as I mentioned before and as you're alluding to, 4.6x at the end of the fourth quarter. I think our view is probably 10 years into a cycle being toward the low end of the five to six range is probably about where we should be on the targeting if we were to move it up. So I think given where we are at 4.6x, while our capital plan contemplates kind of being more or less leverage-neutral throughout the year, for the right opportunities, I think we have the financial flexibility to also increase leverage a little bit. But I think probably the upper bound of that would be in the low five turns range.
Austin Wurschmidt -- KeyBanc Capital Markets -- Analyst
And then just last one for me and kind of touching a little bit on what you just mentioned, Tim. But what drove your decision to change the definition of stabilized operations for 2020? And could you quantify the impact that it's having on the 2020 same-store revenue guidance? And are you contemplating any additional changes related to redevelopment or revenue-enhancing capex in the future?
Kevin O'Shea -- Chief Financial Officer
Yes. This is Kevin. I'll start here, and Sean may want to chime in. Yes, what we really did there was just adjusted the same-store occupancy threshold down to 90% from 95%. And in doing so, our occupancy threshold is not consistent with the threshold used by five of our six peers. So part of the rationale was just to conform our practice to the prevailing practice within the apartment REIT sector. And the other benefit really is that by virtue of doing that, it brings more assets from other stabilizing redevelopment into our same-store pool and reduces the size of those other buckets where we don't give guidance to. And so as a result, more of our overall stabilized and -- assets are going to be bought within kind of the ambit of our same-store guidance. So it should make us a lot easier to model going forward.
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Yes. Austin, in terms of the impact on 2020 guidance, I think I mentioned this previously, but collapsing the buckets together represents about a 15 basis point lift in our revenue growth for 2020.
Austin Wurschmidt -- KeyBanc Capital Markets -- Analyst
And then anything on the -- any additional changes you're planning on revenue enhancing or redevelopment?
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
I mean we have -- I think you're going to see our revenue-enhancing capex drift up a little bit but still be sort of well below what you see across the peers. I mean to give you some perspective, last three-year average for us, we have invested about $350 a home. If you look at '17 through '19 kind of on average as compared to our peers, I think that number is closer to about $1,000. So more than 2.5x us. And so if you put a 10% to 12% return on that kind of back into it, you can see what kind of lift it gives you. So we're trying to make sure that we're -- as Tim pointed out, we're making good capital allocation decisions, first to development then to redevelopment, where we think it's accretive and not just accretive to same-store, really value accretive. So that's how we think about it. We're looking for those opportunities in the market to do that in existing assets where we think it makes sense.
Austin Wurschmidt -- KeyBanc Capital Markets -- Analyst
Appreciate the thoughts, guys, thank you.
Operator
We'll next go with Hardik Goel from Zelman & Associates. Please go ahead.
Hardik Goel -- Zelman And Associates -- Analyst
Hey, guys, thanks for taking my questions. I know a lot of the questions have been about guidance in the quarter, but I just wanted to take a step back and get your thoughts on something. As I look at the data we've collected from you guys over the last decade or so, and we have a lot of data now, and there's a down cycle, included in that, D.C. seems to underperform all the other markets quite significantly. And I know, Tim, you've talked in the past about how, in the long term, D.C. and Northern California might have similar growth rates, and it's a function of volatility in the downturn. But it seems like over the last 10 years seems to be a good long-term period. And I just wonder if the apartment REITs in general are missing the trade show with the overallocation of D.C. because of the lack of supply constraints in the market.
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
Yes. We've seen this in other markets, too, by the way, that have had sort of a bad decade, if you will. Certainly, it was true of Boston in the 2000s. Boston was great in the '90s. It was good in the last decade but not so good in the 2000s. It's one of the reasons why we try to be in multiple markets. You can't always predict what's going to have the best decade. Seattle certainly outperformed what we had expected it to do this past decade. We didn't expect it to be able to absorb a particular level of supply. It is probably less supply constrained than D.C. and yet had a great run. We don't think there's really been a secular change with respect to D.C. We think, in some ways, the Amazon's HQ search was kind of informative. When you think of ultimately where they landed, it is a great knowledge center that happens to be on the East Coast. You're seeing more and more tech companies sort of diversify their employment base to include D.C. and New York.
And so we want to be overallocated and overindexed to college economy. And those are largely the markets where we're in and some of the expansion markets, a couple of expansion markets we've gone into, and perhaps a couple of other markets down the road that we've kind of talked about. So we really sort of focus first on the demand side recognizing. Supply, more or less, it catches up a little more quickly in places like Seattle and D.C. than it does in New York and California, but it tends to catch up ultimately a bit with demand. And it's really kind of that income and job growth that ultimately is sort of a big driver of ultimate performance. So we're good with D.C. And if anything, we're probably more bullish on it today than we were, say, three or four years ago in terms of investing the marginal dollar.
Hardik Goel -- Zelman And Associates -- Analyst
Good that's really helpful for me.
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
Thank you.
Operator
[Operator Instructions]We'll next go with Daniel Santos from Piper Sandler. Please go ahead.
Alex Goldfarb -- Piper Sandler -- Analyst
Oh, hey, graphing. It's actually Alex Goldfarb on for Dan. So two questions. First, Tim, can you just talk about same-store and how the developments contribute to that? So meaning like you guys are 3% this year, which is sort of industry standard, and would think that new development, once it's part of the same-store pool, would have faster growth or maybe it doesn't as it ages until it develops a price point below the stuff that's delivered after so -- can once again have pricing power. So maybe you can just talk about how the development interplays with same-store NOI growth.
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Yes. Alex, this is Sean. If I could take a stab at that one, and then Tim and Matt may want to jump in as well. But I mean one thing to keep in mind here is given the size and scale of the portfolio today, a development can move the needle, but it's not moving it materially, I would say, in the average here based on the number of deliveries that actually occur in a community. A development stabilizes, then it sits in our other stabilized bucket for a year, and then it comes into same-store. So we typically see a modest benefit from those communities when they come into same-store.
And they, too, actually tend to perform well the first two or three years after they stabilize because the pricing, whether it's rents or net effective rents after concessions, reflect this trend to lease up the entire community typically within 12 months as opposed to the turnover, which is closer to half the communities. So these communities tend to do well and they typically give us a very modest lift. But given the size of the portfolio today as it moves into same-store, it's not hugely material unless we happen to have one year where there's a very, very large slug of deliveries. Therefore, when it comes into same-store, it's abnormally large.
Alex Goldfarb -- Piper Sandler -- Analyst
Okay. And then the second question is, you guys talked -- you've been talking for some time about reducing development. You have some severance that's in your numbers this year. I think you had severance last year. Can you just give a sense of two things: where you think your development program will ultimately shake out; and then the second is how much costs have you cut, meaning in aggregate, how much have you reduced? And as you reduce the development, does that mean you have increased costs on the P&L or all the reductions are purely costs that were formerly capitalized and that will not end up becoming expense on the P&L?
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
Yes. Alex, it's Tim. I can start. And we have cut back in terms of the capitalized overhead for sure as we've reduced our development volume. We're running, I think, just a little under 3% in terms of development overhead relative to annualized development overhead relative to starts. That includes people's long-term compensation. You sort of compare that to the private world. The private world, they tend to get 3% development fees, if you will, and that doesn't include sort of their promotes and their long-term comp. So it's still a pretty efficient model, but we are very focused.
Honestly, the business units are very focused on this because the way they're incentivized is based upon production and profitability relative to basically FTEs or overhead expended. So it is something that sort of tends to sort of self-regulate, and it's not exactly linear, but it's -- directionally, it kind of works. In terms of whether any of it actually is vivid on the P&L, I think it's just in sort of severances and then in limited certain situations where you may be starting up in a region and you don't yet have new deals to capitalize somebody against. There may be some expenses for some period of time. But generally, on a stable region, you're not going to have development expenses sort of being flushed through the P&L.
Alex Goldfarb -- Piper Sandler -- Analyst
But then, Tim, so where do you think that -- like do you still see yourself having a few more years of reducing development? And then in total, how much costs in total have you reduced over the past few years as you've done the severance and shrunk the capitalized overhead?
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
Yes. I might have to get to you off-line on the second piece. But I think as we've talked about in the last couple of years, and we really moved from about $1.3 billion, $1.4 billion to about $800 million to $900 million, we wanted to get to a level -- and I think Kevin mentioned this in his prepared remarks. We wanted to get to a level at which we felt we could fund it without having to be dependent on the equity markets, between asset sales, free cash flow and additional debt. So I would say, until there's some kind of economic contraction, you should expect we're going to be kind of -- at this rate, the development pipeline that we have in place should allow us to continue to start about $800 million to $900 million a year. And then on the second piece, we'll just get back to you off-line on that.
Alex Goldfarb -- Piper Sandler -- Analyst
Appreciate that.
Operator
We'll next go with Haendel St. Juste from Mizuho. So hopefully go ahead.
Haendel St. Juste -- Mizuho -- Analyst
Hi. My question has been answered. Thank you.
Operator
This concludes today's question-and-answer session. At this time, I'd like to turn the conference back to Mr. Tim Naughton. Please go ahead.
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
Well, thank you, Nadia, and thanks, everybody, for being on today, and we look forward to seeing you in the coming months. Take care.
Operator
[Operator Closing Remarks]
Duration: 17 minutes
Call participants:
Jason Reilley -- Vice President of Investor Relation
Timothy J. Naughton -- Chairman, Chief Executive Officer And President
Sean J. Breslin -- Chief Operating Officer
Kevin O'Shea -- Chief Financial Officer
Matthew H. Birenbaum -- Chief Investment Officer
Nick Joseph -- Citi -- Analyst
Rich Hightower -- Evercore -- Analyst
Lauren Weston -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Alua Askarbek -- Bank of America -- Analyst
John Kim -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst
John Guinee -- Stifel -- Analyst
Nick Yulico -- Scotiabank -- Analyst
Alex -- Baird -- Analyst
Richard Skidmore -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Derek Johnston -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst
John Pawlowski -- Green Street Advisors -- Analyst
Steve -- The Royal Bank of Canada -- Analyst
Rich Anderson -- SMBC -- Analyst
Austin Wurschmidt -- KeyBanc Capital Markets -- Analyst
Hardik Goel -- Zelman And Associates -- Analyst
Alex Goldfarb -- Piper Sandler -- Analyst
Haendel St. Juste -- Mizuho -- Analyst
