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Compass (COMP 2.48%)
Q4 2023 Earnings Call
Feb 27, 2024, 5:00 p.m. ET
Contents:
- Prepared Remarks
- Questions and Answers
- Call Participants
Prepared Remarks:
Operator
Thanks for standing by. And welcome to the Compass Inc. Q4 2023 earnings call. I would now like to welcome Richard Simonelli, vice president, investor relations to begin the call.
Richard, over to you.
Richard Simonelli -- Vice President, Investor Relations
Thank you very much, operator, and good afternoon, everybody, and thank you for joining the Compass fourth quarter and full year 2023 earnings call. Joining us today will be Robert Refkin, our founder and chief executive officer, and Kalani Reelitz, our chief financial officer. In discussing our company's performance today, we will refer to some non-GAAP measures. You can find the reconciliation of these GAAP measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our fourth quarter earnings release that was posted on our investor relations website a few minutes ago.
We will be making forward-looking statements that are based on our current expectations, forecasts, and assumptions that involve risks and uncertainties. These statements include our guidance for the first quarter of 2024 and comments related to our operating expenses and free cash flow for the full year of 2024, as well as our expectations for operational achievements. Our actual results may differ materially from these statements, but you can find more information about risks, uncertainties, and other factors that could affect our results in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC and available on our investor relations website. You should not place undue reliance on any of these forward-looking statements.
All information in this presentation is as of today's date, February 27th, 2024. We expressly disclaim any obligation to update this information. So, I'll now turn the call over to Robert Refkin, our CEO. Robert?
Robert Refkin -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you, Rich, and thank you for joining us today for our fourth quarter and full year 2023 results conference call. Before I get into our Q4 and 2023, I want to begin with the big picture, why I am optimistic about Compass and what we can accomplish over the next several years. I am incredibly excited about the opportunity we have to take advantage of our $1.5 billion investment in our technology platform and scale as the market comes back. Assuming we continue to add net agents annually, maintain or modestly improve our agent economics, and keep our $6 million of cost savings with minimal inflationary growth of 3% to 4%, we believe that Compass will generate hundreds and hundreds of millions of dollars in EBITDA and free cash flow as the market recovers to a more normalized mid-cycle home sales level of 5.3 million to 5.5 million annual home sales.
I want to be clear that our target opex for 2024 is the reset of opex, not a temporary reduction of expenses. Importantly, our future success is not reliant on new product offerings or expanding into new markets. We have already built an unrivaled technology platform that attracts and retains the best agents while allowing us to uniquely scale compared to our competitors. Even at these new opex levels, we continue to invest in agent growth, increasing market share, expanding our technology advantage with approximately $1 million in annual R&D, and continuing our integrated services expansion.
We have successfully navigated two consecutive years of very large declines in industrywide transactions. US home sales dropped 18% year over year in 2022 and declined 19% year over year in 2023, resulting in the lowest level of home sales since 1995. And the population in the US is 27% larger now than in 1995. Despite these massive headwinds, we have positioned Compass for significant upside when the market begins to recover.
So, let's look at the results. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we achieved solid financial results that are in line with our guidance with 1.1 billion of revenue and adjusted EBITDA of negative 23.7 million. We achieved our 2023 target range of $850 million to $950 million in non-GAAP operating expenses. I'm pleased to announce we ended the year below our midpoint goal.
During this time, we took aggressive action on what we could control by reducing our annualized non-GAAP operating expense by a run rate of nearly $600 million from Q2 2022. As a result, in 2023, we have been able to achieve a $266 million improvement in our operating cash flow and a $325 million improvement in free cash flow, even as revenue declined by $1.1 billion in 2023 compared to 2022. Overall, I am very pleased with the progress we've made on our agent economics. Our commissions as a percentage of revenue improved by 4 basis points in 2023 compared to 2022 after adjusting for the agent equity program in the prior year.
This improvement was negatively impacted by about 10 basis points from M&A activity in 2023, which had lower splits than our base business, and therefore, our commissions as a percentage of revenue actually improved 14 basis points when adjusting for the M&A activity in 2023. Additionally, during 2023, we prioritized reducing agent cash incentives, which are included in the sales and marketing line of our P&L, and therefore, the improvement is not reflected in the commissions line. The reduction to our cash incentives accounts for an additional 43 basis points improvement for an aggregate of 57 basis points of improvement in total agent economics, 57 basis points of improvement in total agent economics. As a reminder, on our Q2 call last year in August, I said we expect to exit 2023 opex to be $900 million at a run rate level and are committed to a path we have outlined to maintain our opex at $900 million in 2024 and are focused on maintaining that level in 2025.
I am pleased to say that we outperformed on the targeted Q4 2023 $900 million opex run rate, coming in at $894 million and that we expect to outperform our full year 2024 $900 million commitment as we are now guiding to a full year 2024 opex midpoint of $865 million. Importantly, we are still committed to maintaining 2025 opex at 900 million or below. One of the questions I am asked is, how do you know this is the right opex level? If our target 2024, $865 million opex would have been our opex for the full year of 2023, we would have generated positive EBITDA and positive free cash flow in 2023, a year that saw the lowest level of transactions since 1995. It's important to note that at these new opex levels, we are still able to invest in the future growth of the business, including approximately $1 million a year in R&D.
I want to be clear that we have not compromised the agent experience. Anyone can cut expenses, but to do so without harming our agents is important to us. As you will see from the following highlights, agents continue to come to Compass and to stay at Compass, and our technology platform is now the major reason as it makes agents more productive and allows Compass to lower costs. We have recruited more than 2,000 principal agents without cash or equity sign-on incentives since eliminating those incentives in August 2022.
We grew the average number of principal agents by 7. 7% in Q4 2023 versus Q4 2022. We continue the trend of strong agent retention, achieving 97% principal agent retention in Q4 2023. We grew quarterly market share both year over year and quarter over quarter in Q4 2023 by 9 and 10 basis points respectively.
Compass agents had a strong year executing transactions. On a transaction percentage basis, Compass agents outperformed the entire US residential real estate market in Q4 2023 and for the full year of 2023. Compass transactions declined 4.9% in Q4 2023 versus Q4 2022, which compares favorably to the 9.2% decline in transactions for the industry. For the full year of 2023 compared to 2022, Compass transactions were down 15.5% compared to a decline of 18.7% for the entire US residential market.
In 2023, we continue to grow our technology advantage by adding 103 features to our platform, including Performance Tracker, Compass AI enhancements, and one-click Title and Escrow, which increases attach rates for this higher margin title and escrow business. Given the investments made in the transaction management side of our platform, our nearly 400-person transaction operations agent payments team reduced the processing cost of our brokerage transactions by 22% in 2023 compared to 2022, while improving accuracy and time to pay, a great example of how we didn't sacrifice the agent experience. We expect to bring these costs down 23% more this year with further platform investments. Kalani Reelitz, our chief financial officer, will walk you through all the financial details later on in this call.
But I want to take a moment to talk about Kalani and his contribution to Compass on the operations side. Kalani's prior experience as the chief operations officer and chief financial officer for the Americas at Christian and Wakefield has been exceptionally helpful to me and my leadership team. His experience running both finance and day-to-day operations in the commercial real estate brokerage space provides us additional real-time industry expertise as we continue to maximize operating efficiencies, remain disciplined on costs, and continue to build out world-class operating platforms to drive meaningful value for agents and shareholders. We recruited over 1,000 new principal agents in 2023.
When asked what the top reason for joining Compass was, over 80% point to our Compass technology platform, which makes them more productive. More importantly, I don't believe there is another major real estate brokerage where more than 20% of agents that joined in the last year would point to the technology offering as the No. 1 reason to join. Beyond our ability to recruit and retain the best agents, our platform is incredibly scalable and provides a sustainable financial advantage.
In fact, that's a big part of our value thesis. Adding agents to the platform has virtually no incremental cost, so we can add thousands of new agents with very minimal additional support costs. This is a significant point of distinction from the way a traditional brokerage firm's cost ebb and flow with agent count. In tough times, they cut costs, and in good times, they add them back.
This is because their support costs are people, and those costs don't scale because they grow literally as they add agents. This is a point of differentiation for Compass and a major competitive advantage as the market recovery unfolds. At Compass, we believe in the combination of high tech and high touch to build strong relationships between our agents and their buyers and sellers. To further strengthen that bond in 2024, we plan to build upon our highly successful buyer collections tool and deliver the first phase of our Compass client dashboard for both buyers and sellers.
We envision this as the single destination for everything home before, during, and after the transaction for our agents' clients. I look forward to providing more insight into the impact this product will have on our agents and their clients in upcoming calls. In 2023, despite strong market headwinds, we continue to benefit from our ongoing investment in integrated services, such as title and escrow and mortgage. In 2023, our portfolio of title and escrow businesses delivered all-time Compass high attach rates and drove year-over-year improvements in EBITDA margins.
We're continuing our focus on growing our footprint for title and escrow and recently purchased Attorneys Key Title in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, giving us a strong foundation to build this service offering in Florida. The 4 million existing home sales for 2023 represented a 30-year low when you add a nearly two-year compression of both supply and demand, driven by a massive and rapid increase in mortgage rates. There will be an event an eventual return to a mid-cycle range of 5.3 million to 5.5 million annual resale transactions in time. I am cautiously optimistic about 2024.
While most real estate analysts are calling for transactions to increase in 2024, which we agree with, for budgeting purposes, we are conservatively planning for flat transactions year over year. We are seeing some positive signs as we enter the new year. For example, our revenue in January was up 14% compared to January 2023 and up 9% when adjusting for the extra business day this year. This compares favorably to existing home sale transactions during the same period declining 1.7% and medium existing home sales price increasing 5.1%, reflecting 3.4% increase in transaction volume against Compass' 14% increase in revenue.
2023 was defined by sellers sitting on the sidelines, but we are seeing more sellers and more buyers so far in 2024. On our platform, we can see approximately 42% more seller-related activity in January 2024 compared to January 2023, which leads us to conclude more sellers were evaluating selling their homes with a Compass agent this January. We can also see the number of home tours our agents organized for buyers was up 13% in January compared to the same period in the prior year. As you know, there have been a number of lawsuits facing Compass and others in the industry.
We continue to closely monitor all things related to the residential real estate industry, and we respond accordingly to the complaints filed against us. I am not going to comment on the cases in this call or future calls. While still early in the process, there has been a lot of speculation as to how these losses will affect how the industry operates going forward. We are actively engaged with helping our agents demonstrate their value as buyer agents.
We have been sharing best practices from agents at Compass who specialize in representing buyers for illustration and inspiration. In closing, I want to thank the entire Compass team of employees and agents. It is inspiring to me to see their commitment to making Compass a success with their incredible dedication and determination. It has allowed us to make it through these difficult times with the confidence that we have a strong foundation for future success.
I am very proud of the fact that while reducing operating expenses and in the midst of this unprecedented period of industry uncertainty, we have been able to invest in growth and position the company for future financial success. The Compass value proposition relative to competitors is strengthening as we continue to support our agents with excellent people in the field, our cutting-edge technology platform, our amazing referral network, our extremely positive and supportive culture, and our strong brand as the No. 1 brokerage by sales volume each of the last two years. We will stay focused on continuing to strengthen our existing business and take full advantage of the market as it eventually returns to more normal levels.
I will now turn it over to Kalani.
Kalani Reelitz -- Chief Financial Officer
Thank you, Robert. I am extremely proud to be a part of a great team of people working with the best agents in the industry. Before getting into the financials, I wanted to give you some details on our operations. In the Q4, we processed 40,621 transactions, a decline of 4.9% from a year ago, which compares favorably to the 9.2% decline in transactions for the entire residential real estate market in the Q4 as reported by the National Association of REALTORS.
Our market share for Q4 2023 was 4.41%, up 9 basis points year over year versus Q4 2022 and up 10 basis points sequentially from Q3 2023. For Q4 2023, our average number of principal agents increased to 14,689, which is an increase of 7.7% year over year and up 4.5% quarter over quarter. In the fourth quarter, we managed out approximately 50 principal agents and 400 total agents, each with an average GCI of less than $10,000, which had the additional benefit of freeing up resources for the rest of our producing agents. As Robert mentioned, we are focused on bringing in successful agents that produce results.
Since the elimination of cash and equity sign-on incentives in August of 2022, we have recruited more than 2,000 agents. Agent retention remains high as our principal agent quarterly retention was 97%, a number we have consistently reached since becoming a public company in April 2021. Our title and escrow businesses generated positive adjusted EBITDA in 2023, and attach rates continue to increase, benefiting from the successful launch of T and E integration in the Compass platform in Southern California. We have completed the rollout of the T and E integration in Philadelphia, southern New Jersey, and the Washington DC area, including Maryland and Virginia as planned.
By the end of Q3, we plan to roll out this integration feature to all the markets where we currently offer title and escrow services including in our newest title and escrow market, Florida. One of the ways we will look to grow EBITDA margin in the business will be through integrated services such as title and escrow and mortgage. We will continue to look for opportunities like our recent acquisition of Attorneys Key Title in Florida. Let me now turn to our Q4 and full year financial results and our guidance for the first quarter.
Our fourth quarter revenue was 1.1 billion which was at the low end of our guidance range of 1.1 billion to 1.2 billion, reflecting continued pressure from mortgage rates since the time we put out our Q4 guidance back in November. Our Q4 revenue was down 1% for the year-ago period and gross transaction value was 41.8 billion in the fourth quarter, a decline of 1.6% from a year ago, reflecting a 4.9% reduction in total transactions, partly offset by an increase in average selling price. Our non-GAAP commission expense as a percent of revenue is 81.7%, an increase of 9 basis points from Q4 of last year when excluding the impact of agent equity program on the year-ago period. As a reminder, 2022 was the last year we offered the agent equity program, which allowed our agents to exchange a portion of their cash commission for equity.
Page 15 of the Q4 investor deck includes additional details on the agent equity program's impact on the commission line in the prior-year periods. Q4 2023 is the last quarter you will see this differential as we have now lapped the sunset of the agent equity program. For the full year of 2023, our commission rate as a percent of revenue improved by 4 basis points compared to 2022, which was masked by a drag of about 10 basis points due to 2023 brokerage acquisitions that were made in markets with lower splits than our overall average brokerage split. So, adjusting for this M&A drag, our true commission rate improved by 14 basis points.
As Robert mentioned earlier, we have made meaningful progress in improving agent economics. During 2023, we prioritize reducing agent cash incentives such as marketing expenses. Since these incentives are included in the sales and marketing line as a component of opex, we have extracted them to demonstrate and they accounted for an additional 43 basis points of improved economics for the full year of 2023 compared to 2022 or an aggregate improvement of 57 basis points in overall agent economics. Our total non-GAAP operating expense excluding commissions and other related expenses were 224 million for the fourth quarter or $894 million on an annualized basis.
As we've talked about previously, many of our noncommission-based operating expenses are somewhat fixed in nature and have historically increased sequentially from quarter to quarter as opposed to bearing in line with revenue. However, due to our cost reduction initiatives implemented over the past 18 months, the 224 million of opex for the fourth quarter reflects a 142 million reduction from opex of 366 million in the second quarter of last year, which was the quarter we began our cost reduction initiatives, and this reflects the decline of over $570 million on an annualized basis. Our management team remains disciplined and focused on operating expenses, and as Robert mentioned, we are focused on maintaining our operating discipline that allows us to sustain our new cost base. As a reference point, the non-GAAP operating expenses we refer to include the expense categories of sales and marketing, operations and support, R&D, and G&A and exclude stock-based compensation expense and other expenses that are excluded from adjusted EBITDA.
We've included tables on Pages 13 and 14 in our Q4 investor deck that reconcile these amounts to our GAAP operating expenses. Our adjusted EBITDA for the Q4 was a negative 23.7 million within our guidance range of negative 20 million to negative 35 million. Our GAAP net loss for the fourth quarter was 83.7 million, compared to a loss of a 158.1 million in the same period a year ago and includes noncash charges such as 36 million of noncash stock-based compensation expense and 22 million of depreciation and amortization expense. Free cash flow during the fourth quarter was negative 41 million, which compares favorably to negative $131 million of free cash flow in the year-ago quarter driven primarily by the improvement in adjusted EBITDA, lower capital expenditures, and other favorable changes in working capital.
In particular, capital expenditures were just $2 million in the current quarter compared to $13 million a year ago driven by our cost-cutting measures and the intentional slowing of expansion to new markets and new offices. We have meaningfully improved our free cash flow position compared to last year. When comparing the full year of 2023 to the year-ago period, our free cash flow improved by 325 million and 1.1 billion less revenue. Our cash flow in any period could be impacted by the timing of cash collections from transactions and the timing of payments to our agents, vendors, and employees in relation to each quarter end.
The magnitude of the improvement in free cash flow over the past year is directly attributable to the impact of our cost discipline. We had 167 million of cash and cash equivalents on our balance sheet at the end of December, and we have no outstanding balances on our revolving line of credit. We believe we are well-positioned to react to continued market challenges. Now, turning to our financial guidance.
Our results from 2023 confirm that our operating expense discipline creates meaningful performance improvement. We will continue this approach and although the market is expected to increase modestly in 2024, we will be managing our business and our cost levels assuming a flat level of transactions compared to 2023. For Q1 of 2024, we expect revenue in the range of 975 million to 1,075,000,000, and we expect adjusted EBITDA to be in the range of negative 22 million to negative 40 million. For the full year of 2024, we are targeting a non-GAAP opex level between 855 million to 875 million, with a midpoint of 865 million, which includes the additional opex assumed by the brokerage acquisitions completed at the end of September and the Florid-based title and escrow acquisition we recently completed in Q1.
As Robert mentioned, our commitment to cost discipline has driven significant improvement in our free cash flow compared to the same period last year. We remain committed to continue our cost discipline to drive favorable results in 2024 and beyond. As a result, we expect to be free cash flow positive for the full year 2024. Thank you again to our agents and team members for all you do for Compass.
I would now like to turn the call back over to the operator to begin Q&A.
Questions & Answers:
Operator
The floor is now open for your questions. [Operator instructions] We'll now take a moment to compile our roster. Our first question comes from the line of Soham Bhonsle with BTIG. Please go ahead.
Soham Bhonsle -- BTIG -- Analyst
Hey, guys. Good evening. Hope you're doing well. Robert, maybe the first one's for you.
You know, I wanted to get your thoughts on what seems to be sort of the core concern here and some of the statement of interest, right, which is this idea around, you know, buyers being able to negotiate their commission on their own, right? Specifically, you know, what are your thoughts on sort of the broader rollout of buyer agent agreements, right, which could allow sort of this clear communication upfront? And then secondly, you know, the broader use of maybe seller concessions as a way to sort of, offer, you know, upfront, what the seller is willing to pay the other side. How do you think these two items, like, do they help assuage some of the concerns out there today?
Robert Refkin -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. So, I think it's worth noting that in Compass, we had many agents that only worked with buyers before all this. They only worked with buyers with buyer representation agreements that clearly outlined compensation. As an example, the way that it works is it would outline, this is what I get paid, whatever percentage they negotiate independently.
And to the extent the seller doesn't cover any portion of that, you as the buyer, you would make up the difference. With the help of those agents and our internal coaching and training arm, we implemented the largest training program that Compass has ever executed, where we had over 20,000 of our agents go through training on the buyer representation agreements. Yeah. And now that is becoming the standard practice for agents going forward.
Soham Bhonsle -- BTIG -- Analyst
Do you think that is enough to sort of alleviate some of the concerns that, you know, the DOJ or these guys may have?
Robert Refkin -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer
From what I have seen of the successful use of those agreements within Compass, it alleviates my concern on any financial risk related on the topic. I just have not seen -- the way you would know and the way I would know is agents would be coming to us complaining, and that has not happened.
Soham Bhonsle -- BTIG -- Analyst
Got it. OK. And then, Kalani, I know there's some puts and takes here on the commission split line, but if I just sort of look at the non-GAAP number first half versus the second half here, you know, at a high level, the first half was down and the back half was kind of up, right? So, I'm just wondering, is there sort of increased competition here for agents that is requiring you to maybe offer a bit more, or are there any sort of other incentives that are being required to just keep agents on the platform? Can you just provide a little bit of color there?
Kalani Reelitz -- Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Sure. Hey, Soham. Thanks for the question.
I think a few things overall, related to gross profit. First, I think we have seen and we continue to know kind of in the industry, when the market's the worst, the best, creates, and the best continue to produce, and they do have more favorable economics to them. I think that's one piece. I think the other piece is just looking at the mix of folks as we brought more.
We are bringing more folks on at that kind of the 50% level, which is better economics, but it takes time to add on. So, I think it's more of the, the timing of it. You know, keep in mind, second half, we had 8% rates. And so, I think it was more of the production mix.
There was a little geo mix in there as well compared half to half, but, you know, more mix -- and I think more of that production mix.
Soham Bhonsle -- BTIG -- Analyst
Got it. And then just quick one on the opex guide. Is the fair way to think about it, hey, look, 850 is sort of, you know, what you communicated last time. We're staying there, but the incremental, like, 15 million or so to get this $865 million is really acquisitions and all that sort.
Or is there any core expense that's increasing there as well? Thank you.
Kalani Reelitz -- Chief Financial Officer
Yep. Yep. So, we have worked, and I'm really proud of the team. There's a lot of heavy lifting that has occurred.
We've done, most, if not all, the heavy lifting to get our organic SG&A and opex down to 850. The delta between $850 million and $865 million is purely the M&A that we closed in September of last year of second half, as well as the Attorneys Key Title in Florida that we did in Q1q one. That's the average.
Soham Bhonsle -- BTIG -- Analyst
All right, guys. Thanks a lot.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Jason Helfstein with Oppenheimer. Please go ahead. Your line is open. Please go ahead.
Jason Helfstein -- Oppenheimer and Company -- Analyst
Hey, how are you guys?
Robert Refkin -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer
Hey, how's it going?
Jason Helfstein -- Oppenheimer and Company -- Analyst
Good. Just want to ask a question just on the expense guide. I mean you've updated it's only $15 million from the last update, but you're still guiding to positive free cash flow for '24. That being said, you kind of didn't give us that before.
You said positive. We kind of don't know what it was. Is there something you're seeing that's giving you more confidence to lean into kind of expenses? Or is it just like this is kind of like where you shook out now that you have more visibility on the full year expenses? So, maybe just tie that back to what you're just broadly seeing in the business. Thank you.
Robert Refkin -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Maybe I'll turn it over to Kalani and add on to it. Yeah. Look.
We as we mentioned, we brought down expenses by $6 million. And in Q3, we saw the second highest agent retention quarter as a public company. And we continue to bring on agents, and they're happy, and they continue to stay. And we see the benefits of the platform consistently, you know, for them and the company.
And so, I think we've realized that the strength of the company vis a vis the agents is very strong. I think it's what's given us the confidence to continue on this path of opex. But Kalani, take it from here.
Kalani Reelitz -- Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, I think you hit the big rocks there, Robert. I mean, overall, we're affirming free cash flow for a few reasons. One, I think, looking at the market, we do see kind of market flat to modestly improving. We've kind of proven our ability to bring cost down last year and continue with our guide.
Our guide is, as Robert mentioned in his prepared remarks, our guide this year for opex on last year's revenue would allow us to be free cash flow positive and EBITDA positive. And so, Jason, I think it's just conviction of seeing that we think the market is where it is. We've adjusted our cost, and I think we are driving that free cash flow as a result, and I think we feel good about where we're at. We're not cutting to the bone.
As Robert mentioned in our remarks, we've made a ton of investments already. And so, we have some more if we need to, but I think we just feel good about where we're at and we've built a really scalable model, and we're taking advantage of that.
Jason Helfstein -- Oppenheimer and Company -- Analyst
OK. Thank you, guys.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Bernie McTernan with Needham and Company. Please go ahead.
Bernie McTernan -- Needham and Company -- Analyst
Great. Thanks for taking the questions. Maybe just a follow-up on opex. If my math's right, it seems like you're pretty close to the $865 million for opex in 1Q.
Is there any seasonality we should be contemplating throughout the year? Do you think it's pretty flat from here?
Kalani Reelitz -- Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, Bernie. I think seasonality because of the model we've built, right, we're not a linear with revenue, right? We're pretty stairsteps. So, we shouldn't see a ton of seasonality as I mentioned with Soham's question. We've done a ton of the heavy work.
We're pretty much there at the $850 million level organically with obviously the M&A being added on. So, I think what you're seeing is about right, which is the activity has been taken. And so, I don't expect a ton of seasonality, obviously, with Q2 being as big as it normally is. There might be very small amounts.
But for the most part, you should think about it sequentially, not seasonality.
Bernie McTernan -- Needham and Company -- Analyst
Understood. And then the comments of how much seller activity was up early in the year, is that purely market-driven or anything that you guys are doing on the product and technology side to maybe drive additional share gains of seller leads?
Robert Refkin -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer
I think there are two things that are happening. One is the market and one is us. On the market side, what's driving more inventory, and we had some more inventory in the market, going into January than prior year, and selling their homes in the contract. February, we had 13% more inventory and 9% more homes under contract.
So, the trends continued. But on the market side, what's driving the trend isn't low mortgage rates that are reducing the amount of people that are locked out of selling their homes. What I believe is it's just that people are tired of waiting. It's been over a year and a half where they've delayed and deferred their life from moving on.
And we call it the 5Ds, diapers, diplomas, diamonds, divorce, death, and they're just tired of waiting. So unlike last year -- just compare this year to last year. Here are the differences. One, there's another year of pent-up demand to both the buy and sell, but you have to move on with your life in a way that there wasn't last year because it's been an extra year.
Mortgage rates aren't actually that much higher than it was this time last year. It's about, you know, 25 basis points higher. You have less people locked out of selling their homes. Going into last year, you had 72% of homeowners at 4% mortgage rates or below.
Going to this year, you had 59% of homeowners at 4% mortgage rates or below. So, you have less people, you know, with the lock-in effect. And that's what I think those are some of the market -- what's different in the market. And, of course, you have all-time high-stock market, right? So, people can sell and move into their new home, not care as much about a low mortgage rate because they can use all cash.
And, of course, we're seeing more all cash. For Compass specifically, what I think is driving more seller activity, and I believe we talked about this at the last earnings call, is we launched the back-to-basics challenge, which is a 100-day challenge for these first 100 days of the new year to meet and speak with more of your clients in person. The number one way that agents grow their business is by meeting their clients in person and connecting. Whoever connects the most, grows the most, we like to say.
And there is there's a big contest locally, nationally with all types of awards. And we believe that this is what has allowed us to outperform a little bit more in January, but we believe it will continue to allow us to outperform.
Kalani Reelitz -- Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Bernie, if I could just add to the third piece of what -- and it goes to what Compass is doing, is we have done a good job. I'm really proud of our growth team. We've added net new agents, which is coming through as well.
So, those three parts that Robert just mentioned, the market are kind of same-store sales improvement through our back to basics, and then the wraparound of our new agent adds in 2023 and early '24.
Bernie McTernan -- Needham and Company -- Analyst
Great. Thank you both.
Operator
Again, the floor is now open for your questions. [Operator instructions] Our next question comes from the line of Ryan McKeveny with Zelman and Associates. Please go ahead.
Ryan McKeveny -- Zelman and Associates -- Analyst
Hi, guys. Thank you. So, Robert, one of the debates that's been percolating a bit in the industry and with investors is about the general value of buy-side agents to homebuyers, but also how different brokerages innovate and differentiate. So, I was hoping maybe you could talk to us about what you guys are doing at Compass to help your agents provide a strong value proposition to home-buying customers.
I think you've talked about things like collections in the past. So, maybe just what's the big picture on how Compass is helping its agents differentiate from others, again, when it comes to the buy side of the equation? Thank you.
Robert Refkin -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer
Well, look, let's take a step back. One of the reasons that I think we are in the place we are, where not all buyers understand the value is that as an industry, we created listing presentations for sellers, but as an industry, we did not create buyer presentations for buyers. And as a result, we created a buyer presentation this past fall that our agents can go to buyers and outline the value proposition. On the sell side, when you go to seller, we say, we have a national network.
Here's how many agents we have. The majority of the time, a buyer comes through their agent, not from the internet. That's why that matters. We have Compass concierge, where we front load the cost of staging to help make your home move-in ready, on and on and on and on.
Those are some of the examples we have in the listing presentation. Now, on our buyer presentation, we have access to off-market inventory, one of the largest off-market listing databases in the country, which is great for you for access as a buyer. We have collections, which is our flagship technology tool for any of our clients, which is a buyer tool where -- it's like a Pinterest board for all of the real estate that you are interested in with real-time status updates. We can comment back and forth.
You can add your spouse or your significant other or your mother, your daughter, and you can all collaborate in one place. We have digital tours, which persists, and so you can always go back to the things you've looked at, and we could comment and make notes on them on and on and on on the buyer value. So, I'm confident because of our platform, our company, for certain, because of collections -- if we were nothing but collections, our agents, and off-market inventory loan, we provide buyers with more value than any other brokerage, for sure. And so now we're just outlining that, which is a great thing for Compass, a great thing for agents, and it will ultimately be a great thing for the industry as all agents start sharing and communicating their value to buyers in the same way we have for decades to sellers.
In addition to that, as mentioned earlier, we launched the buyer representation agreement where, again, people independently negotiate what they charge. But, you know, there are those out there that say commissions could increase as people independently as buyers. Now, historically, there was only one person negotiating. There were seller agents.
Now, you have sellers and buyer agents. So, you have twice the negotiation. And so, time will tell, but there's nothing I've seen that makes me worry about this. I think the headlines seem to be bigger and more dramatic than the trend lines.
Ryan McKeveny -- Zelman and Associates -- Analyst
It's very helpful, Robert. Appreciate that. And second question, so a lot of talk on one-click title and the T and E expansion. I guess just any updates on OriginPoint, on the mortgage side just in terms of the rollout or where things stand on that side of things.
Thank you.
Robert Refkin -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer
We ensure that we continue to hire more loan officers. We continue to be in more markets. And this most recent month was one of our most successful months on record in terms of mortgage rate locks, which is an indication of future demand as it converts over the next, you know, one to two months. But, yeah, it just continued to be something that is important to the company, and we have more coverage of mortgage than we do in title and escrow in terms of the different markets that we're in.
Ryan McKeveny -- Zelman and Associates -- Analyst
That's great. Thank you.
Operator
I am showing no further questions at this time. I would now like to turn the call over to Robert Refkin for closing remarks.
Robert Refkin -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer
Well, thank you all for joining today's call. I want to thank all of the Compass employees and agents for their hard work and commitment to making Compass the No. 1 real estate brokerage by sales volume in the United States for two years in a row. In a difficult market, our agents continue to outperform the market.
As we enter 2024, we continue to successfully manage our expenses down and navigate this unprecedented market. We believe that 2023 was the bottom of the downturn, and we are constantly prepared for a better 2024. Eventually, the real estate market will get to more levels of transactions in the mid-cycle. And when it does, I'm confident that Compass is well-positioned for success.
Thank you.
Operator
[Operator signoff]
Duration: 0 minutes
Call participants:
Richard Simonelli -- Vice President, Investor Relations
Robert Refkin -- Founder and Chief Executive Officer
Kalani Reelitz -- Chief Financial Officer
Soham Bhonsle -- BTIG -- Analyst
Jason Helfstein -- Oppenheimer and Company -- Analyst
Bernie McTernan -- Needham and Company -- Analyst
Ryan McKeveny -- Zelman and Associates -- Analyst
