Warren Buffett's partner, Charlie Munger, once said, "I think I've been in the top 5% of my age cohort all my life in understanding the power of incentives, and all my life I've underestimated it. And never a year passes but I get some surprise that pushes my limit a little farther."
When corporate boards use bad incentives for management's pay, disaster often ensues. (Think Lehman Brothers.) Incentives based on singular metrics such as revenue growth, EBITDA, ROE, or earning per share are easily manipulated and gamed. Fortunately, there is a better way: EVA momentum.
Creator Bennett Stewart of EVA Dimensions, who also co-created EVA (Economic Value Added), calls EVA momentum "the only percent metric where more is always better than less. It always increases when managers do things that make economic sense."
So what does this mean for investors? A positive reading on EVA momentum means a company has created value by increasing its EVA, a negative EVA momentum means that EVA and thus value have decreased, signaling a destruction of value. EVA momentum is one of the few, if not the only, performance measure with such a clear dividing line between good and bad performance.
The best companies, then, create value in excess of their cost of capital, as reflected by positive EVA momentum. The higher the EVA momentum, the more value management's creating.
Let's look at Cliffs Natural Resources (NYSE: CLF) and three of its metals & mining industry peers to see how effectively they create value. Here are the trailing four quarters' worth of EVA momentum figures for each company over the past three years, and rankings by percentile in the metals & mining industry for the past 12 months' EVA momentum.
|
Related Companies |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
Industry Percentile |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cliffs Natural Resources | 9.7% | (9.4%) | 18.5% | 95 |
| Arch Coal (NYSE: ACI) | 5.6% | (5%) | 0.1% | 22 |
| Massey Energy (NYSE: MEE) | 3.4% | (1.7%) | (3.7%) | 5 |
| Patriot Coal (NYSE: PCX) | NA | 3.4% | (5.3%) | 5 |
Source: EVA Dimensions LLC.
Cliffs Natural Resources made more than its cost of capital this past year, creating shareholder value with an EVA momentum of 18.5%, placing it in the 95th percentile of all metals & mining companies. Arch Coal just barely created shareholder value with an EVA momentum of 0.1%. Both Massey Energy and Patriot Coal had negative EVA momentums, destroying shareholder value. Hopefully they can turn around their lackluster performance in the year ahead.
Businesses with high EVA momentum are effectively creating value. It will be interesting to see how useful this extremely new metric proves for companies and investors. If it lives up to its promise, EVA momentum will be an essential tool in investors' arsenals.
Another tool for better investing
Most investors don't keep tabs on their companies' fundamental value. That's a mistake. If you take the time to read past the headlines and crack a filing now and then, you're in a much better position to spot potential trouble early. Better yet, you'll improve your odds of finding the underappreciated home-run stocks that provide the market's best returns.
We can help you keep tabs on your companies with My Watchlist, our free, personalized stock tracking service.
- Add Cliffs Natural Resources to My Watchlist.
- Add Arch Coal to My Watchlist.
- Add Massey Energy to My Watchlist.
- Add Patriot Coal to My Watchlist.
