HCA Healthcare (HCA) Q4 2022 Earnings Call Transcript

HCA Healthcare (HCA -4.51%)
Q4 2022 Earnings Call
Jan 27, 2023, 10:00 a.m. ET

Contents:

• Prepared Remarks
• Questions and Answers
• Call Participants

Prepared Remarks:

Operator

Good morning and welcome to the HCA Healthcare fourth quarter 2022 earnings conference call. Today's call is being recorded. At this time, for opening remarks and introductions, I would like to turn the call over to vice president of investor relations, Mr. Frank Morgan.

Please go ahead, sir.

Frank Morgan -- Vice President, Investor Relations

Good morning and welcome to everyone on today's call. With me this morning is our CEO, Sam Hazen; and CFO, Bill Rutherford. Sam and Bill will provide some prepared remarks, and then we'll take a few questions. Before I turn the call over to Sam, let me remind everyone that should today's call contain any forward-looking statements, they're based on management's current expectations.

Numerous risks, uncertainties, and other factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those that might be expressed today. More information on forward-looking statements and these factors are listed in today's press release and in our various SEC filings. On this morning's call, we may reference measures such as adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. A table reconcile -- providing supplemental information on adjusted EBITDA and reconciling net income attributable to HCA Healthcare Inc.

is included in today's release. This morning's call is being recorded, and a replay of the call will be available later today. With that, I'll now turn the call over to Sam.

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

All right. Good morning and thank you for joining the call. We finished 2022, as expected, with pre-pandemic seasonality demand norms driving solid volume growth. Additionally, we continue to see progress with our labor agenda.

These factors helped produce solid earnings in the fourth quarter that were consistent with our guidance. We are encouraged by this outcome and believe this operational momentum should position us well for 2023. 2022 was a tale of two halves, with the first half being more about winding down from the previous two years of intense COVID activity and responding to the resulting challenges. The second half was more about normalization, which included strong demand and an improving labor market.

Once again, I believe our people have demonstrated an impressive capability in the face of these dynamic forces and delivered for our patients, the communities we serve, and other stakeholders. Health care people, in general, are unique, but I believe HCA Healthcare people are even more special. I often refer to them as can-do people. And again, this past year, I think they proved it.

I want to thank them for their hard work and everything they do each and every day for our company. Same facility volumes across the company were strong in the fourth quarter. Admissions grew 3% year over year. Non-COVID admissions increased in excess of 5%.

Equivalent admissions were up 5.4%, with impressive growth of 11% in the emergency room. Most of our other volume categories had solid growth metrics in the quarter also. The payer mix and acuity levels in the quarter remained at favorable levels. These factors produced revenue growth against a difficult comparison of 3% in the quarter.

With respect to our people agenda, we were pleased with the improvements we saw in key metrics. Turnover numbers for registered nurses were down 26% in the fourth quarter as compared to the previous four quarters' average. Our turnover rate is still higher than we want, but we believe it is better than the industry average. Employee engagement scores recovered to around pre-pandemic levels.

Again, our engagement is above the industry average. Our recruiting teams continue to generate results for the company. Hiring increased 6% year over year in 2022. And lastly, we opened our seventh Galen College of Nursing school this year.

With respect to labor costs, during the quarter, we experienced stable labor cost per hour, with utilization of contract labor declining. As we have detailed in the past, we have implemented a robust human resources plan. We executed well on it and expect to make further progress as we move into 2023. It remains a top organizational priority.

Even with the progress, we continued this quarter to experience capacity constraints, creating situations where we were unable to deliver services in certain situations. Also in the quarter, we saw value from our portfolio optimization plan and closed two joint ventures with strategic partners. One was with our Sarah Cannon Research Institute, which we combined with McKesson's cancer research entity. We believe the combination of these two entities will produce better cancer research and more clinical trials across the country, providing even more community-based resources for physicians and patients to fight this disease.

The second co-venture is with our CoreTrust purchasing organization. We closed on a new partnership with Blackstone. We believe this new relationship can expand our ability to offer commercial purchasing and services solutions to a broader variety of customers. We believe both of these deals achieved our strategic objectives and connected us with a better platform for success in the future.

We are excited to partner with both entities. We also implemented our capital plan for the year, as expected, including redeploying the proceeds from these two new joint ventures. Bill will provide more details in his comments. And finally, we announced in the last quarter a significant leadership transition that we believe will position the organization better with responding timelier to market dynamics, while also strengthening the alignment of corporate functions to our strategy.

The executives who are part of this transition are all proven HCA executives. They understand and appreciate our culture, and they know how to execute. As we push ahead into 2023 and beyond, we believe the strong demand for healthcare services presents the opportunity for HCA Healthcare in an otherwise challenging macroenvironment. We believe the company is well-positioned culturally, competitively, and financially to capitalize.

Our agenda next year will be focused on the following three areas. First, overcoming labor and capacity challenges. Again, we believe we have the appropriate initiatives in place to respond to these. Second, counter inflationary pressures.

Again, we have numerous efforts in place to contend with these forces while ensuring we continue to deliver high-quality outcomes to our patients. And third, accelerating growth with our winning plays. This agenda continues to leverage capital investments in outpatient facilities, clinical equipment for our physicians, and service line expansion. On top of our 2023 agenda, we are also making investments in our long-term plan, which includes four primary elements.

The first one is advancing our clinical systems and digital capabilities. Second is transforming care models with innovative solutions. Third is expanding our workforce development programs. And fourth is investing capital in our networks to expand their offerings.

These efforts are pressuring our results, some in the current year. But we believe they are necessary in creating a platform for ultimately optimizing our networks so they can deliver even better patient care in the future. Let me close with this. The last three years have been an extraordinary experience for everyone in HCA Healthcare.

There's been no rest nor retreat for our people, and it was truly a challenge like no other. I strongly believe, however, that our board, our management teams, and our caregivers have shined through it all. We went into the pandemic with two priorities, to protect our people and to protect the organization, so we could continue providing high-quality healthcare to the communities we serve. I believe strongly that we showed up, we delivered on these priorities, and we did it the right way.

I'm proud of HCA Healthcare, and I'm even more proud of our people. The future for our company is even brighter because of the past three years and what we learned. Now, we will move into 2023 and the years ahead with greater purpose, with a renewed agenda to drive growth, and with more confidence in our ability to deliver value for all of our stakeholders. With that, I'll turn the call to Bill, and he will discuss the quarter's results in more detail and our 2023 guidance.

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

OK. Thank you, Sam, and good morning, everyone. I will provide some additional comments on our performance for the quarter and the year, then discuss our '23 guidance. We finished the year with good volume metrics.

Our fourth quarter same facility admissions increased 2.9% over the prior year. For the full year, our same facility admissions were up 0.5%. Excluding COVID admissions, our same facility admissions grew 5.4% in the quarter and were up 3.4% for the year. For the full year, COVID admissions accounted for 5.2% of our admissions, versus 7.8% in the prior year.

Same facility emergency room visits increased 11.4% in the quarter as compared to the prior year and were up 7.6% for the full year. Our same facility outpatient surgeries were up slightly in the quarter from the prior year, but increased 5.6% sequentially compared to the third quarter. Same facility inpatient surgeries were basically flat as compared to the prior year. Both were impacted by one less business day in the quarter.

Our same facility revenue per equivalent admission was down 2.6% in the quarter from the prior year as this was influenced by the drop in COVID activity. Sequentially, our non-COVID revenue per equivalent admission increased approximately 3.7% as compared to the third quarter. Our case mix increased just under 2% sequentially from the third quarter, and our payer mix remained stable as well. We remain pleased with our team's management of operating costs, even with the backdrop of higher inflation rates.

Our consolidated adjusted EBITDA margins were 20.5% in the quarter and right at 20% for the full year. We continue to focus on our labor plans and supporting our teams while appropriately managing contract labor and premium pay programs. Our total labor cost as a percentage of revenue improved both sequentially and when compared to the prior year. In addition, our supply cost trends have remained very consistent during the year, and we are pleased with these results.

Other operating expenses have been subject to some inflationary cost pressures when compared to the prior year but has run fairly consistent as a percent of revenue throughout 2022. Our cash flow and capital allocation are a key part of our long-term growth and value creation strategies. Our cash flow from operations was 8.5 billion in 2022. Our capital spending was just under 4.4 billion for the year, which was slightly higher than our initial expectations due to some year-end real estate and information technology purchases.

We paid dividends of about 650 million, and we repurchased $7 billion of our outstanding stock during the year. Our debt to adjusted EBITDA leverage ratio was near the low end of our stated leverage range of three to four times. For full year 2022, we realized approximately 1.2 billion in proceeds from sales of facilities and healthcare entities. So, let me speak to our 2023 guidance for a moment.

As noted in our release this morning, we are providing full year '23 guidance as follows. We expect revenues to range between 61.5 billion and 63.5 billion. We expect net income attributable to HCA Healthcare to range between 4.525 billion and 4.895 billion. We expect full year adjusted EBITDA to range between 11.8 billion and 12.4 billion.

We expect full year diluted earnings per share to range between $16.40 and $17.60. And we expect capital spending to approximate 4.3 billion during the year. So, let me provide some additional commentary on our guidance. Our 2023 adjusted EBITDA guidance is impacted by several governmental and policy changes.

In 2022, we recognized approximately 280 million in COVID support, mainly from DRG add-ons, removal and sequestration cuts, and HRSA reimbursement for uninsured COVID patients. We expect very little revenue from these programs in 2023. Also, as discussed in our first quarter release, we recognized 244 million of revenues and 90 million of expenses related to the Texas directed payment program that was for the last four months of 2021. This program that started on September 1st of '21 was not approved until the first quarter of 2022.

In addition, we estimate the impact of the 340B-related payment reductions to be between 50 million and 100 million. Adjusted for these items, the midpoint of our 2023 adjusted EBITDA guidance would be in the middle of our historical 4% to 6% growth expectations that we have had over time. Within our guidance, we expect our same facility equivalent admissions to grow approximately 2% to 3% and our revenue per equivalent admission to grow approximately 2%. Depreciation is estimated to be about 3.1 billion, and interest expense is projected to be around 1.975 billion.

Interest expense will be impacted by both higher rates and anticipated draws under our revolving credit facilities. Finally, our fully diluted shares are expected to be about 278 million for the full year, and cash flow from operations is estimated to range between 8.5 billion and 9 billion. Also noted in our release this morning, our board of directors has authorized a new $3 billion share repurchase program. This will be in addition to the approximate 1.5 billion remaining authorization we had under the previous program at the end of the year.

In addition, our board has declared an increase in our quarterly dividend from $0.56 to $0.60 per share. With that, I'll turn the call over to Frank, and we'll open it up for Q&A.

Frank Morgan -- Vice President, Investor Relations

Thank you, Bill. As a reminder, please limit yourself to one question so that we may give as many as possible an opportunity to ask a question. David, you may now give instructions to those who would like to ask a question.

Questions & Answers:

Operator

[Operator instructions] Our first question comes from Justin Lake with Wolfe Research. 

Justin Lake -- Wolfe Research -- Analyst

Thanks. Good morning. Just a couple of numbers questions here. I appreciate all the detail you've given.

But first, just all thinking about 2023, can you talk to us a little bit about what you're expecting for labor expense and maybe delineate the cost on permanent labor versus, hopefully, you know, the downward trend, maybe give us '22 versus '23 on labor? And then, you know, a couple of things, exchanges and redetermination, right? Exchange growth has been big. Redeterminations could be a tailwind, at least according to our estimates. Curious what you've assumed there on payer mix and the kind of impacts from that on 2023 guide as well. Thanks, guys.

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, Justin, this Bill. Let me start. So, as it relates to labor cost, I think, as a percentage of revenue, we'll keep it on an as reported basis flat was where we ran for the full year of this year. We continue to expect improvement in the utilization and cost of contract labor as we go through the balance of the year.

And so, I think that's a good output for us. Relative to the payer mix, we think payer mix, for now, will mostly remain stable. We are encouraged with what we are seeing with the enrollment in the health insurance exchanges, and we believe the enrollment in our states are probably a little bit higher than what we see as a nation. And so, we think we've contemplated that within the context of our overall range, but we are encouraged with some of the payer mix trends.

Operator

Our next question comes from A.J. Rice with Credit Suisse.

A.J. Rice -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Hi, everybody. Thanks for the outlook, commentary, and so forth. Maybe because you've got about a $600 million range on the EBITDA range you're looking at, can you maybe talk a little bit about what are some of the swing factors? Do you see those mainly as top-line swing factors that would get you to the high or low end? Or is there expense management open questions in your mind? And specifically on the labor, you've got quite a bit of a decline in the contract labor from what you spent in '22 versus presumably the run rate for '23. How much of that are you baking into the guidance versus how much are you saying you've got to redeploy to support permanent labor?

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

A.J., this is Sam. I think on the guidance -- I mean, we've got 2.5%, I believe, on either side of the midpoint. You know, the top side of that range, I think, is achievable if our volume and labor agenda happens maybe a little bit better than what we anticipate. The low side of that range would be greater inflationary pressures and maybe some more challenges in a tenuous labor market.

You know, those are sort of the big variables, if you will, in the equation. I mean, it's a fairly big number to begin with. And again, the 2.5% range on either side of the midpoint, we think, is not unreasonable. So, to consider it to be very wide seems, you know, maybe to not fully appreciate some of the variables inside of it.

With respect to labor, yes, we have made significant investments in our people. We did that throughout last year, mainly in the late summer, early fall, where we adjusted our wages to deal with movement in the market resulting from some visibility that we had with our overall competitive positioning. Some of the contract labor reductions that we expect and have already made even will be absorbed a little bit in those decisions. But we think the net of it is what Bill just alluded to, and that is that we can maintain our labor cost as a percent of revenue roughly around what we finished 2022 at.

So, that's how we're thinking about it. And again, we're seeing positive metrics across the key dimensions of our labor agenda that is encouraging to us. And we believe we have more room to gain with our agenda, and we're hopeful that that will continue throughout 2023.

A.J. Rice -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

OK. Thanks.

Operator

Our next question comes from Gary Taylor with Cowen.

Gary Taylor -- Cowen and Company -- Analyst

Hi. Good morning. Two quick ones for me. Bill, I know you said contract labor came down again, but I didn't catch if you disclosed the 4Q number.

And then my other one was just also on your comment about the other opex line. I mean, that's still a line that on a per adjusted patient day basis is up in the double digits. So, any help you can give us on thinking about modeling that for '23.

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, Gary. On contract labor, you know, for the quarter, we were down about 16% where we ran in fourth quarter of last year. So, continued good improvement in that area. It represented roughly 7.8% of our total salary, wages, and benefits.

We talked about -- given that number before. So, again, solid trends in the fourth quarter of this year compared to where we ran last year and especially where we ran in the first half of the year. Our other operating expenses, you're right, are subject to some of the general inflationary increases that we're seeing across the economy. When we think about utilities and insurance and, in addition, our professional fees areas, we're seeing some higher single-digit cost growth in other operating expenses.

Fortunately, if you look across the quarters for 2022 as a percentage of revenue, you'll see our other operating expenses as a percent of revenue staying relatively flat and pretty consistent throughout the year. As we look forward to 2023, we do believe that's an area that could continue to see some higher single-digit inflationary pressures, and we factored that into our guidance going forward. Again, we think labor supplies will keep in line and hopefully below where our revenue growth is. But the other operating cost areas around utilities, insurance, pro fees are going to continue to see some pressures, and we factored that into our guidance.

Operator

Our next question comes from Ben Hendrix with RBC Capital Markets.

Ben Hendrix -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

Hey, good morning. Thank you. With regard to capacity constraints, you mentioned last quarter missing out on 1% to 1.5% of total admissions in 3Q. Can you give us an update on where that stands now? And then maybe some more commentary on progress with your HR and case management initiatives and then the degree to which you expect those to help ease constraints and support your guidance this year.

Thank you.

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

This is Sam. Thank you for that. I mean, we did, as I mentioned in my prepared comments, have some moments in that order where we were unable to receive transfers and/or take certain patients into our facilities. And that was actually a little bit elevated over the third quarter.

We had roughly, using this as the proxy, approximately 2% of our total admissions we were unable to take through our transfer centers and had to find those patients alternative solutions where we could. We were busier in the fourth quarter than we were in the third quarter. So, that was part of it. But nonetheless, we still are seeing opportunities for us to improve the throughput through our case management initiatives, as we spoke to, continue to increase the headcount in our facilities in order to take care of these patients.

And we're hopeful that those numbers will start to come down a little bit as we push into 2023.

Operator

Our next question comes from Whit Mayo with SVB Securities.

Whit Mayo -- SVB Securities -- Analyst

Hey, thanks. Good morning. Sam, I wanted to go back to the long-term plan that you mentioned. You talked about advancing the transformation of care delivery models.

Can you maybe elaborate more on that sort of how that may be playing a good physician strategy, maybe a different view into working within any plans or anything would be helpful. Thanks.

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

Well, let me give you a little bit of a backdrop on our long-term thinking, Whit, and I think this can help you understand why we are investing in these categories. You know, first and foremost, we think we have just an incredible portfolio of communities that we serve. They are growing in and of themselves. So, we have opportunities to invest in that growth.

We think demand is going to grow in our markets. Aging baby boomers, population growth, chronic conditions, all those things, unfortunately, produce demand in some respects. And we think our portfolio is a little better than the national averages on that front. So, we've got that as a backdrop.

So, there's opportunities, I'll call it, outside the walls of HCA to invest in that natural growth in demand. The second piece that we believe exists is opportunities inside of HCA. We have what we call an economy of opportunities that exists across our 180 hospitals and 2,400 outpatient facilities that we have. And that opportunity is to use big data, use better clinical system capability and better analytics to support better care.

And so, our technology agenda, coupled with our care transformation agenda, is really about tapping into the economy of opportunity that exists inside our organization. So, we think we have two sets of opportunities, outside to continue to grow market share and benefit from the growth in our markets and then continued improvement in care delivery for better patient outcomes, more efficiency, better operational management in our hospitals by infusing machine learning, advanced analytics with our care transformation agenda. So, our care transformation team is led by a physician and a clinical team with industrial engineers and other type of people who are big data data analysts who are supporting, evaluating great performance that we have inside our company and really studying the processes around those or looking outside the company for better processes, better technologies, and again, weaving that into our overall agenda for our long run. And we're encouraged by that.

We have a major initiative that we're rolling out this year in our obstetrics unit, and we're excited about the possibilities around that. On our clinical systems, we're actually in our alpha pilot on our clinical system upgrade. We'll have a beta pilot later this year. This is a system that we will be able to push more information -- standardized information into the cloud and start to turn that into actionable insights that we believe can help our patient outcomes.

So, we're really excited about our long-run agenda. And again, it's geared toward better patient care but capitalizing on the opportunities inside the walls of HCA.

Operator

Our next question comes from Pito Chickering with Deutsche Bank.

Pito Chickering -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

Hey, good morning, guys. Thanks for taking my questions. Focusing on the fourth quarter, you talked about 2% lower admissions via the transfers. Were those all surgeries? I'm just trying to understand why inpatient surgeries are so weak on easy comps and why didn't see a bigger increase in the outpatient surgeries.

We've seen just some med companies report very strong U.S. surgical growth, so I'm just trying to understand the delta. And also, what do you assume you'll grow in inpatient surgeries and outpatient surgeries in 2023? Thanks so much.

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

So, Pito, this is Bill. I think our surgical volume, the most -- the same [Inaudible] we had one less business day, one less surgical day. And so, you know, that could account for 1.5 points or 2 of that trend. And I don't think there's any other trends that we observed in our outpatient or inpatient surgeries to call out other than just one less operating day.

You know, going forward, I would say that, you know, we would anticipate our surgical volume to reflect our longer-term trends, which has historically been somewhere around that 2-point growth. And again, there's variables that fluctuate on that. But that was the issue on the flat surgical volume for Q4. It was nothing other than one less surgical day.

Operator

Our next question comes from Kevin Fischbeck with Bank of America.

Kevin Fischbeck -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Great. Thanks. I appreciate you guys breaking out kind of how you thought about the core pricing in the quarter. Is there a way to do that in the 2023 guidance? You know, obviously, the COVID is a headwind, 340B is a headwind.

And then, you know, how do you think about -- anything else that's a moving piece there? Want to understand the core trends in pricing, and then maybe talk a little bit about commercial rate growth of what you're renegotiating today. Thanks.

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, Kevin, let me start with that. As I said in my prepared remarks, we're anticipating revenue per equivalent admission around 2%. That's on an as reported basis. Obviously, I called out some of those nonrecurring revenue items we had the benefit of in '22 we don't expect to continue next year.

If you adjust for those, that'd probably be pushing us toward closer to 3% number, which would be, you know, historically, we would see 2% to 3% growth. So, what really moves us back into our historical pricing trends, what we would see pre-COVID is just that we're having to jump over some of that loss of COVID. So, that was the 2% guidance on the revenue per equivalent admission. If you adjust that, it'd be closer to 3, which is in line with our long-term guidance.

That's contemplating both our Medicare rate updates with some improved commercial pricing that, I think, we've talked about in the past.

Operator

Our next question comes from Ann Hynes with Mizuho Securities.

Ann Hynes -- Mizuho Securities -- Analyst

Hi. Good morning. I know some of your peers have noted that physician outsourcing services, especially on the ER, is a pressure point for 2023. Are you seeing that? And if so, how much of a headwind is it to EBITDA? And secondly, just on the nursing turnover, I know you said that while you had a big improvement, you're still not where you want to be.

Can you talk about where you were for nursing turnover pre-pandemic, where you ended Q4, and maybe where you think you could end 2023? Thanks.

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

Excuse me. So, Ann, this is Sam. We, pre-pandemic, were somewhere around 13% or 14%, excuse me, 14% for nursing turnover. We're on a run rate now 18%, 18.5%.

That's down from mid-20s. We think the industry average is somewhere in the mid to upper 20s right now from what we've seen with external benchmarks and so forth. So, we're really encouraged by the progress our teams have made. And again, over the last six months of the year, we were starting to see improving trends.

We believe we have the right initiatives in place to carry some momentum in that area into 2023. The market, as I mentioned, is a bit tenuous still, but we're encouraged by the investments we've made in our recruiting, the investments we've made in retention and leadership training, and just the, I'll call it, hand-to-hand combat that exists in making sure that our employees have the resources on their units that are necessary for them to deliver great care to their patients and for them to be successful in whatever their role is in the company. And we think we're making progress on pretty much all of those fronts. 

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

And, Ann, on the emergency room, I'd broaden it to, you know, more than emergency room, just hospital-based position we have talked about in the past. We are seeing some increased pressures for subsidies around our emergency room and anesthesiologists and the like. We have a number of initiatives to try to counter those. But yes, we are expecting some upward pressure in those areas that we factored into our guidance.

It rolls through, as I mentioned in the previous question, in our other operating expenses. And we could potentially see, you know, higher single-digit year-over-year growth in those categories, probably at a little bit of pace above our revenue. But we think we've made appropriate consideration for those trends inside of our guidance.

Ann Hynes -- Mizuho Securities -- Analyst

All right. Thanks.

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah.

Operator

Our next question comes from Brian Tanquilut with Jefferies.

Brian Tanquilut -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Hey, good morning, guys. I guess, Sam, a follow-up to Ann's questions, to Bill's answer to that, I saw that you exercised the call option in the Envision JV last week. So, just curious how you're thinking about operationalizing that and what would change for HCA as you bring those physicians back in-house. And maybe just thoughts on the P&L and balance sheet impacts of that as well.

Thanks.

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

So, we've had a wonderful relationship with Envision over the years, and it continues to be strong across different facilities in our company. A number of years ago, we had made an investment and a co-venture with them that we felt was an opportunity for us to integrate that physician service, mainly in the ER and hospitalist medicine and a few other subspecialty categories within our hospitals as more clinically aligned and so forth. And what we see is an opportunity to further that. And so, we are moving to acquire a larger percentage of that co-venture.

And we think it will give us a little better visibility in how to achieve better clinical integration to improve quality. We think we can use that platform to improve efficiency within our emergency rooms primarily and even on our med-surg floors where our hospitalists work. It will support graduate medical education in some innovative ways, we believe. And then finally, we think it offers up an opportunity for us to, you know, advance our connections to our strategic outreach partners in ways that maybe we don't necessarily accomplish in the structure we have today.

So, we are pushing through the final stages of that transaction. I think it's scheduled to close sometime in the spring. We will take the rest of the year to fully assimilate it, so to speak. And then as we get into 2024, we anticipate being able to execute more effectively on these categories.

Operator

Our next question comes from Stephen Baxter with Wells Fargo.

Stephen Baxter -- Wells Fargo Securities -- Analyst

Hi, good morning. Just wanted to ask a follow-up on the 2023 guidance. I was hoping you could talk a little bit more specifically about your expectations on inpatient admissions. I guess, first, how are you thinking about where the COVID figure goes in 2023 compared to the 5.2% of admissions in 2022 and the implication being, you know, I'd love to hear how you're thinking about non-COVID admission growth in 2023.

Thank you.

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

Yes, I'll start with that. So, you know, we expect a continued decline of COVID admissions. You know, as you've mentioned and I said in my prepared remarks, they represent about 5.2% of our total admissions this year. You know, we're thinking next year, probably somewhere between 3% and 4% of our total admissions.

We believe, you know, right now, our inpatient admission growth somewhere around that 2% number, and that's embedded within the equivalent admission guidance that I gave between 2 to 3. And again, we'll continue to monitor that as we go through the year. We continue to believe that there's strong demand in our markets, and we're positioned well to serve that demand. So, inpatient volume, we're thinking hovering around 2.

And then, you know, outpatient revenue probably continue to grow in that mid-single digit level, and that helps us get to the 2% to 3% equivalent admissions that's in -- that our guidance entails.

Operator

Our next question comes from Scott Fidel with Stephens.

Scott Fidel -- Stephens, Inc. -- Analyst

Hi. Thanks. Good morning. Interested if you can just to recap for us what the non-COVID acuity and case mix trends were in 2022 and then what you're building in for your assumptions for 2023.

Thanks.

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. So, I don't know if I have the case mix necessarily. We've seen relatively flat, as I recall, on the COVID case mix, right? Our non-COVID case mix improved about 2% sequentially from the third quarter to the fourth quarter going forward. Our revenue per equivalent admission was roughly flat for the year-over-year comparisons.

Scott Fidel -- Stephens, Inc. -- Analyst

And then, Bill, on the outlook for '23.

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

For non-COVID?

Scott Fidel -- Stephens, Inc. -- Analyst

Yeah.

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, that would be embedded in our revenue per equivalent admission of about 2%. And then when you factor out the loss of the revenue items, I think, as I mentioned earlier, that pushes us closer to 3%. And that would be just a combination of all factors of acuity, as well as payer mix and pricing trends underneath the portfolio.

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

And, Bill, if I can add, I think it's important for everybody to understand that, strategically, we continue to invest in programs, as I mentioned in my prepared comments. A lot of those programs are farther up the acuity ladder, if you will. The more significant programs are extensions of existing programs. And as we get our footing, so to speak, with a midlevel program or an upper midlevel program, then we can move into a more acute level program.

And that helps with our overall acuity statistic. So, that's part of our strategy. We're doing that on top of the same fixed-cost platform. So, our hospitals have the same fixed cost regardless of the acuity in many instances.

And so, if we can increase the acuity, we get operating leverage from that. So, strategically, that's a very important initiative of ours. The transfers in that we haven't been able to take care of tends to be slightly more acute than our average in most instances. And here again, that's why it's so important for us to get more employees across the organization to take care of these patients who need our services.

But all that is embedded inside of a real strategic initiative that we have.

Scott Fidel -- Stephens, Inc. -- Analyst

OK. Thank you.

Operator

Our next question comes from Calvin Sternick with J.P. Morgan.

Calvin Sternick -- JPMorgan Chase and Company -- Analyst

Hey, good morning. Looking at another strong quarter for ER volumes, can you talk a bit about the trends you've seen there in the last few quarters in terms of payer and acuity mix and what you're expecting for '23? Further related, you know, as you think about the volume trends across the business over the last couple of quarters, are there any service lines or categories that have either over or underperformed relative to your expectations, and any color you can give on those going into 2023? Thanks.

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

This is Sam. Let me speak to some of our service lines trends. You know, during the pandemic, we thought the emergency room might be disrupted from what our previous beliefs were. And there was new uses of telemedicine, you know, alternatives that were being experienced, we thought.

What we've seen is just the opposite. The resiliency of the emergency room for communities is even greater than we thought, and the demand there is very strong because our emergency rooms and other people's emergency rooms are a solution set for people whenever healthcare is needed. So, our trends in the emergency room have been very solid over the course of the year. And when you look at them really without the COVID activity, it's especially impressive, I think.

We have seen good volume growth in our orthopedics. Our total joint business for the quarter was up 6%. In many instances, we fully absorbed, we believe, most of the shift over the last three years during the pandemic, with the orthopedic business moving from inpatient to outpatient. And in most instances, we believe the large majority of that is behind us.

And so, we don't have that as a pressure point like we've had over the past three years. But nonetheless, we've grown that business in the face of the side of care shift. We have a very robust pipeline for our emergency rooms, especially our freestanding emergency room platform. Very significant development opportunity there for us across our communities, and we're investing in that.

Our urgent care center platform continues to grow. We're up to 260 urgent care centers. We will probably push through 300 in 2023. Our ambulatory surgery center platform continues to grow.

Here, again, we have more de novo development inside of our ambulatory surgery center platform than we've had in the past, and we're encouraged by how that fits into our networks in a very productive way. So, we're really pretty excited about our investments in our ambulatory network, our investments in our acuity programs, in our higher service lines. And we will continue to, we believe, be well-positioned to deal with the growing demand that we see in the market.

Operator

Our next question comes from Lance Wilkes with Bernstein.

Lance Wilkes -- AllianceBernstein -- Analyst

Yeah. Could you just talk a little bit about permanent nurses? And I understand the retention rates are getting better there. Can you talk a little bit about new hirings? What the -- what sort of growth you're seeing there? What are maybe some of the drivers of access to nurses there? Where are they coming from? And then also, if you could just talk a little bit about you said the investment spend was pressuring and the long-term plan was pressuring '22 a little bit. Can you talk a little bit about how '23 might look compared to '22 with that? Thanks.

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

Why don't you take, Bill, the last question?

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, this is Bill on the investments. You know, when you think about the technology investments, the investments we're making in some of the clinical transformation, and I'd also say with the expansion of our nursing schools going forward, probably is somewhere around an incremental investment of 150 million in '23 compared to what we ran in '22. Although we didn't call that out, but it's part of our long-term investment, we think, that will continue to drive performance and value for us.

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

So, our hiring in 2022 was up a little north of 6%, just a huge number of new hires. And so, that's the total number just as a starting point. You know, where that is coming from? That's coming from new grads. There's -- there still is a decent pipeline of new graduate nurses in our communities.

We have academic partnerships with different colleges beyond Galen that are important to that pipeline. We are also seeing some travelers decide that, OK, enough, we traveled, we want to come back, and we've been able to recover some of the employees who traveled in -- for a period of time back into our organization. So, we continue to be focused on trying to recover them. And I think, again, with our benefits and with our wage adjustments and all the investments we're making in clinical education and other components of our labor agenda, we're starting to see more favorable trends in our recruitment function that we think, if they carry into 2023 and through the year, should be positive for us.

Lance Wilkes -- AllianceBernstein -- Analyst

Great. Thanks.

Operator

Our next question comes from Jason Cassorla with Citigroup.

Jason Cassorla -- Citi -- Analyst

Oh, great. Thanks for taking my question. I just wanted to ask a bit more on your capital priorities. You know, you've recently divested ownership in some hospitals, but just wondering, you know, how you're viewing the M&A backdrop and if you're seeing opportunities to increase your footprint in your current markets or potentially entering into new markets.

And then just on share repurchases, you know, you've increased your authorization by 3 billion. You have 4.5 left remaining. Just in light of the 7 billion this year, just curious how you're thinking about share repurchases in the context of your larger capital deployment priorities. Thanks.

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, let me say this. This is Bill. Let me take the latter one first. You know, I think share repurchases has been an important part of our overall balanced capital allocation.

As you mentioned, we did 7 billion in '22. We'll have authorization close to 4.5 billion. I think we plan on, you know, completing the majority of it sometime in this calendar year with a little bit of roll forward afterwards. And again, we'll continue to adjust as kind of market conditions present.

But a share repurchase program has just been part of our overall balanced allocation of capital going forward.

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

For M&A, we have been fairly active in market with outpatient acquisitions, again, when they come available, whether it's urgent care, some freestanding emergency room, some ASC, some physician clinics, and so forth. And those are very complementary synergistic to our network acquisitions, and we will continue to pursue those as they develop. We have not had too many opportunities on hospital acquisitions. Although, recently, there was an announced LOI on a hospital just outside of the Dallas-Fort Worth market that we think is synergistic with respect to clinical services and so forth with our system in Dallas-Fort Worth.

So, we'll continue to look for those. We do have a pipeline of greenfield hospitals because the acquisition environment is not as robust in market as maybe we would have hoped, so we need to consider greenfield projects, and we do have a number of those that are in the works. We have one under construction currently in San Antonio, and I want to say we have seven or eight parcels of land, maybe 10, that are designed for future hospital development when the time is right for us to make those investments.

Operator

Our next question comes from Steven Valiquette with Barclays.

Steven Valiquette -- Barclays -- Analyst

Hi. Thanks. Good morning, everybody. So, just on the surgical volumes, you addressed most of the key questions related to the volumes for both the fourth quarter and the full year '23.

But just to follow up on that topic I guess a little bit more, we're just curious whether or not you do see any notable pent-up demand for any surgical cases exiting out of 4Q '22 that might be falling at least into the early part of '23 for various reasons. Just curious on any visibility on early '23 at this stage. Thanks.

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

It's hard for us to really judge the -- whether there's demand on the sidelines that we don't see. I mean, we get some anecdotal information from our physicians who might indicate that, OK, their clinic patient profiles were better in the fourth quarter than they were at any point in time in 2022. I don't know if that's a precursor or not for pent-up elective surgical demand. I think we're just going to have to wait and see.

But I believe it's a positive metric and a positive anecdote that their clinic rolls, patient rolls appear to be at a higher level than they were in previous parts of 2022.

Steven Valiquette -- Barclays -- Analyst

OK, great. Thanks.

Operator

Our next question comes from Jamie Perse with Goldman Sachs.

Jamie Perse -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

Oh, thank you. Good morning. Just a follow-up on the commercial reimbursement dynamics. You know, first, can you remind us what percent of contracts have been recently negotiated that will take effect at the higher rate January 1st? And then secondly, can you give us a little bit of color on what the initial bump in those contracts looks like relative to the rate escalators that are locked in place for the next couple of years? Thank you.

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

We have, I want to say, Bill, maybe 70% of our contracts for 2024 contracted. I will tell you that most of the contracts, if not all of the contracts, we closed in the last three quarters of '22 were in line with our expectations, which was around mid-single-digit inflators. So, those have to work their way into the '23 portfolio of contracts and on into the 2024. So, we are encouraged by the outcomes of those negotiations.

I think there's a general recognition in the payer community that the input cost for providers is up or up. And so, given those inflationary pressures, they recognize that there's a sensitivity to responding to that. And we're trying to be appropriate in our ask. And I think that's been received well, and we've been able to close these contracts reasonably timely.

So, we still have, you know, 30% or so of 2023 that will get negotiated over the first part of this year and will carry us through all of '23 and on into '24. We're about 40% contracted on '24. Again, the tail effect of some of the closed contract negotiations that we've just achieved will carry into 2024.

Operator

Our next question comes from Joshua Raskin with Nephron Research.

Joshua Raskin -- Nephron Research -- Analyst

Hi. Thanks for taking the question. So, I know capex guidance for 2023 is only down slightly. And I know it's still January, but it'd be the first time in a long, long time that capex would be down year over year, not counting 2020.

I was wondering, maybe just speak to any changes in budgeting or strategy or if there's anything that could be tempering that investment.

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, Joshua, I don't think there's anything tempering the investment at all. I think 4.3 is our expectation. As I mentioned in my comments, we initially expected 4.2. For '22, it came in a little higher because we had some year-end activity that I mentioned around some real estate and some IT.

So, I wouldn't read anything from down to the 4.4 to 4.3. It's actually up compared to where our initial expectations are. But as a summary, we still see very good opportunities to deploy capital, we believe, to capture growth opportunities in the marketplace. And we've talked about some of that, whether that be through our freestanding EDs, whether some development of new hospitals, whether it'd be expansion of campuses.

So, again, I think it's an important part of our overall capital allocation, and I think an important part of our continued long-term focus on growing.

Operator

Our next question comes from Andrew Mok with UBS.

Andrew Mok -- UBS -- Analyst

Hi. Good morning. I was hoping you could provide a bit more color on the supply cost trends into 2023. What are the assumptions around unit cost increases prescribed and what steps did you take to manage inflationary pressure for multiyear contracts? Thanks.

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

Thank you for the question. Our teams and our supply chain teams have done an incredible job over the past 12 to 18 months on our supply costs portfolio and especially with the backdrop of inflationary increases. And we've talked about through the year, we've been really seeing really positive trends and actually to keep our supply cost growth below our revenue growth. Much of that was because some of our contracts, 60% of our contracts or so was under firm pricing for the most of '22.

As we look forward, I think our basic assumption is to continue to keep our supply cost as a percent of revenue flat from where we ran full year at '23. That would imply our supply costs per unit is somewhere around that 2% level, plus or minus a little bit. But again, we're expecting continued good results in that. And again, our teams do a nice job.

We can keep that supply cost as a percent of revenue flat with where we ran this year with the backdrop of inflationary, that's pretty positive. We have a number of initiatives underway that our teams use. Part of our benchmarking initiatives is to look at utilization and identify best practices across the organization. We also are looking at, you know, product selection, partnering with our clinical teams.

So, we have a number of initiatives underneath our supply chain operations that are helping us to achieve those results. And we look forward to those continuing as we go into '23.

Operator

Our final question comes from John Ransom with Raymond James.

John Ransom -- Raymond James -- Analyst

Do you know how hard it is to be clever with a question after all these good questions?

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

You'll figure something out, John.

John Ransom -- Raymond James -- Analyst

Like three of my questions got sold in the last five minutes. Now, where's the fairness? So, for me, if we think about as you reduce your labor turnover, so let's say it goes hypothetically from 25 to 20, how does that -- how would that affect your labor cost per either per revenue or per unit? How does that factor into a savings algorithm for us to think about?

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

How it affects our revenue per unit?

John Ransom -- Raymond James -- Analyst

No, no, I mean, the salary -- either salary as a percent of adjusted admits or salaries as a percent of revenue, how does reducing turnover -- if you've just turned over by, say, 500 bips, how would that affect the labor margin?

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

Well, in theory, it will flow through as a reduction of our contract labor. And so, the margin, if you will, on the contract labor is we replace, you know, an individual from a contractor to an employed one is -- will, you know, save that margin and be able to reinvest. And what we've been able to do this year is reinvest back into our employed workforce. And that's part of that turnover level.

And I think all of that, John, I would say, is incorporated if you look at the overall labor expense. I mean, there's a lot of components into that. And as we said, we think, you know, we can maintain our labor cost as a percent of revenue where we are finished this year. You know, it's a function of reducing those premium labor and reinvesting back into our employee workforce and keeping that relatively flat year over year.

And I think that's a good result for us and allows us to continue to recognize the important work our employees do for us.

John Ransom -- Raymond James -- Analyst

Thanks so much.

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, John.

Operator

There are no further questions at this time. I now turn the call over to Mr. Frank Morgan.

Frank Morgan -- Vice President, Investor Relations

David, thank you for your help today. And thanks to everyone for joining us on this call. We hope you have a great weekend. I'm around this afternoon, if I can answer additional questions you might have.

Have a great day.

Operator

[Operator signoff]

Duration: 0 minutes

Call participants:

Frank Morgan -- Vice President, Investor Relations

Sam Hazen -- Chief Executive Officer

Bill Rutherford -- Chief Financial Officer

Justin Lake -- Wolfe Research -- Analyst

A.J. Rice -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Gary Taylor -- Cowen and Company -- Analyst

Ben Hendrix -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

Whit Mayo -- SVB Securities -- Analyst

Pito Chickering -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

Kevin Fischbeck -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Ann Hynes -- Mizuho Securities -- Analyst

Brian Tanquilut -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Stephen Baxter -- Wells Fargo Securities -- Analyst

Scott Fidel -- Stephens, Inc. -- Analyst

Calvin Sternick -- JPMorgan Chase and Company -- Analyst

Lance Wilkes -- AllianceBernstein -- Analyst

Jason Cassorla -- Citi -- Analyst

Steven Valiquette -- Barclays -- Analyst

Jamie Perse -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

Joshua Raskin -- Nephron Research -- Analyst

Andrew Mok -- UBS -- Analyst

John Ransom -- Raymond James -- Analyst

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