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Date

Wednesday, Oct. 15, 2025 at 12 a.m. ET

Call participants

  • Chief Executive Officer — Isaias Jose Calisto
  • Chief Financial Officer — Hoeshin Goy
  • [Title Unspecified, Moderator] — Carmen Calisto

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Takeaways

  • Annual recurring revenue (ARR) in fiscal Q2 2026 -- Increased 20% to ZAR 4,806 million, or 21% to USD 272 million.
  • Cartrack subscription revenue in fiscal Q2 2026 -- Rose 20% to ZAR 1,180 million, representing 98% of Cartrack’s total revenue.
  • Consolidated total revenue in fiscal Q2 2026 -- Reached ZAR 1,344 million, up 21%.
  • Operating profit in fiscal Q2 2026 -- Grew 18% to ZAR 356 million.
  • Adjusted earnings per share -- Increased 13% to ZAR 8.28.
  • Subscribers -- Total reached approximately 2.5 million, a 15% year-over-year increase, with net additions of 70,740.
  • Cartrack operating profit margin -- 29% in the quarter.
  • Subscription gross margin -- 72%, within historical range of 70%-74%.
  • Commercial customer ARR retention rate -- Held at 95%.
  • LTV to CAC ratio -- Maintained above 9x.
  • Cartrack regional performance -- South Africa subscription revenue grew 18%, Europe accelerated to 27%, and Southeast Asia and Middle East increased 26%.
  • Karooooo Logistics revenue -- Delivered ZAR 139 million, up 38%, with an 8% operating profit margin.
  • ARPU growth -- Grew 4% across all geographies, with a targeted ARPU growth of around 6% for the group this year.
  • Free cash flow -- Year-to-date adjusted free cash flow rose 44% to ZAR 358 million.
  • Dividend -- Paid approximately $38.6 million in August, or $1.25 per share.
  • Net cash position -- Ended the quarter with ZAR 393 million in net cash and cash equivalents.
  • Debtors collection days -- Maintained at 31 days, in line with historical averages.
  • Sales headcount expansion in Southeast Asia -- Planned 70% increase by February 2026 relative to previous year.
  • Rule of 60 metric -- Achieved in fiscal Q2 2026 by combining Cartrack subscription revenue growth of 20% and adjusted EBITDA margin of 46%.
  • Dividend policy -- Management states priority is on growth investments over dividends.

Summary

Karooooo (KARO +1.92%) reported subscription revenue growth aligned with management guidance, powered by acceleration in all core geographies and improvements in ARPU. The company’s focus on profitable growth is visible through increases in operating profit, gross margin, and free cash flow, along with an unleveraged balance sheet and disciplined capital allocation practices. Management reiterated a commitment to organic expansion in underpenetrated markets, highlighted by sales force investments and early results in customer cross-sell for new solutions.

  • Chief Executive Officer Isaias Jose Calisto stated, “the bottleneck really is about building our teams to be able to deliver,” which points to unmet demand limited by onboarding capacity rather than market appetite.
  • Video product attach remained early-stage, with Calisto indicating video sales represented “only about 10%” of total sales, primarily to existing customers.
  • The company highlighted that increased commissions, not fundamental margin pressure, contributed to a shift in cost of sales, as subscription gross margin held at 72%.
  • Management does not expect normalization of elevated operating expenses in the near term, as expansion and headcount investments will continue to match growth opportunities.
  • Leadership indicated estimated market penetration rates are “probably about 35%” in South Africa, “could be around 20%-25%” in Europe, and “probably under 10%” in Asia, based on management’s personal assessment.

Industry glossary

  • ARR (Annual recurring revenue): The total value of recurring subscription revenue contracted for a 12-month period, typically used by SaaS companies to assess forward revenue visibility.
  • LTV to CAC ratio: A metric comparing the lifetime value of a customer (LTV) to the cost of acquiring that customer (CAC), used to measure profitability of customer acquisition efforts.
  • Rule of 60: A SaaS benchmark where the sum of revenue growth rate and adjusted EBITDA margin equals or exceeds 60%, indicating both high growth and margin.
  • ARPU (Average revenue per user): The average revenue generated per subscriber or user, commonly used to analyze growth and monetization for recurring revenue businesses.

Full Conference Call Transcript

Carmen Calisto: Thanks, Paul. Welcome to Karooooo's Q2 FY '26 Financial Results Presentation. For those new to Karooooo, we operate a SaaS platform for connected vehicles and mobile assets that enables businesses to enhance operational efficiency, reduce costs, improve safety and ensure compliance. We help businesses simplify decision-making to optimize their physical operations. We serve a large underpenetrated market with strong sustained demand driven by digital transformation, a constant need to improve operational efficiency and an increasing focus on safety and compliance. We are a founder-led business with a strong financial profile, a proven track record of execution excellence and a cultural focus on disciplined capital allocation and operational efficiency.

Our platform supports approximately 2.5 million subscribers across more than 125,000 businesses in South Africa, Southeast Asia and Europe, spanning a diverse set of industries. Importantly, our financial model is anchored by accelerating growth, high-margin subscription revenue, exceptional commercial ARR retention and powerful unit economics. Our Q2 FY '26 annual recurring revenue, or ARR, increased 20% to ZAR 4,806 million and on a U.S. dollar basis, increased 21% to USD 272 million. Our commercial customer retention rate remains at 95% and subscription revenue accounted for 98% of Cartrack revenue. We continue to scale our proprietary data assets, now generating more than 275 billion valuable data points monthly, which we leverage to deliver impactful insights and value to our customers.

Finally, our LTV to CAC remains above 9x, enabled by strong retention, disciplined capital allocation and efficient distribution, which are embedded in our vertically integrated business model and company culture. During today's presentation, we will review both of Karooooo's operating segments, Cartrack and Karooooo Logistics. Cartrack is our SaaS operations management platform. Cartrack operates at scale and has a very attractive financial profile. Cartrack's operating momentum is the primary driver of Karooooo's growth and strong financial performance. In Q2, Cartrack delivered strong results, highlighted by accelerating subscription revenue growth in South Africa and Europe and robust growth in Southeast Asia. These results reflect the early returns from the strategic investments we've made in expanding our sales capacity in recent quarters.

In Q2, Cartrack generated approximately ZAR 1.2 billion in subscription revenue, an increase of 20% or 21% on a U.S. dollar basis. Notably, Cartrack subscription revenue accelerated again this quarter. Year-to-date, Cartrack subscription revenue has increased 19% compared to 15% in FY '25. Cartrack's operating profit margin was a healthy 29% in Q2. Karooooo Logistics is our rapidly growing delivery-as-a-service offering that empowers large enterprise customers to scale their e-commerce and logistics operations. Karooooo Logistics continues to demonstrate strong growth and operating momentum, while delivering real value for our enterprise customers. We report Karooooo Logistics separately, as the delivery as a service financial profile differs from Cartrack SaaS financial profile.

Karooooo Logistics is strategically important to us as it empowers our customers to scale their e-commerce and logistics operations through a capital-light model, while driving high Cartrack customer retention. We continue to profitably scale the Karooooo Logistics business. In Q2, Karooooo Logistics Delivery-as-a-Service revenue reached ZAR 139 million, an increase of 38% or 39% on a U.S. dollar basis. Karooooo Logistics revenue growth accelerated in Q2 due to an increase in e-commerce orders. Given Karooooo Logistics' robust revenue growth, we are very excited about the long-term growth opportunity. In Q2, Karooooo delivered strong consolidated financial results.

Total revenue of ZAR 1,344 million increased 21%, subscription revenue of ZAR 1,182 million increased 20%, operating profit of ZAR 356 million increased 18% and total subscribers of approximately 2.5 million increased 15%. Cartrack subscription revenue growth of 20% and operating profit margin of 29% underpinned our stellar financial performance in Q2. Q2 continued our track record of delivering profitable growth at scale. In Q2, we were a rule of 60 company, when adding our Cartrack subscription revenue growth of 20% and our Cartrack adjusted EBITDA margin of 46%.

Before detailing our Q2 financial and operational accomplishments, we want to take a moment to underscore our distinctive financial profile, something that is exceptionally rare in the public markets, particularly among small cap companies. We believe we are amongst a select few SaaS companies operating at a rule of 50 plus based on calendar year 2025 Gap Street estimates. Within a SaaS universe of approximately 150 companies, we believe we are the only small cap company operating at this level. Being part of this elite group reflects our unwavering commitment to disciplined and profitable growth.

In addition, with an essentially unchanged share count over the last few years and no stock-based compensation, growth in free cash flow translates to higher per share value given the lack of dilution. This is another important factor that distinguishes Karooooo's financial profile from many peers. Moving on to our Q2 financial and operational highlights. In Q2, SaaS ARR accelerated to 20% compared to Q1 FY '26 growth of 18%. Cartrack subscription revenue growth accelerated to 20% compared to Q1 FY '26 growth of 19%, highlighted by 18% growth in South Africa and 27% growth in Europe. Cartrack's total subscribers increased 15%, driven by continued healthy growth in South Africa, Europe and Asia.

We also delivered net additions of 71,000 in Q2. Cartrack's operating profit margin was a healthy 29% and benefited from disciplined expense management. We remained a rule of 60 company and our balance sheet remains strong and unleveraged. We ended the quarter with net cash and cash equivalents of ZAR 393 million. Our healthy subscription gross margin, efficient customer acquisition and attractive commercial customer ARR retention rate continue to drive our healthy unit economics. In Q2, our subscription growth margin was 72%, our LTV to CAC ratio remained above 9x and our commercial customer ARR retention rate was 95%. We are also experiencing attractive ARR growth with our retained customers.

It's noteworthy that we accelerated our subscription revenue growth from 15% in Q2 last year to 20% this quarter, while maintaining strong unit economics. We remain committed to profitable growth as we pursue the expansive growth opportunity ahead of us. We ended Q2 with approximately 1.9 million subscribers in South Africa, an increase of 15%. South Africa subscription revenue comprised 71% of our total subscription revenue and South Africa subscription revenue growth accelerated to 18%. We are encouraged by the strong teams that we are building to accelerate organic growth, broaden our customer base and increase product adoption in the region.

We are starting to see an acceleration in subscription revenue growth, driven by the strong adoption of video and Cartrack tag by our existing customers and customer expansion. We remain committed to building our distribution capabilities to service the demand for our products from both new and existing customers. We continue to see a compelling market opportunity in South Africa and are excited about the value we will deliver to our customers. We ended Q2 with approximately 303,000 subscribers in Southeast Asia and the Middle East, with most of the subscribers in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia and the Middle East comprised 16% of total subscription revenue, and Southeast Asia and the Middle East subscription revenue growth increased 26%.

As the second largest contributor to group revenue, Southeast Asia continues to present the most compelling growth opportunity for the group in the medium to long term and is our fastest-growing segment on a constant currency basis. In September 2024, we started a drive to increase sales and marketing in Southeast Asia, and we intend to increase our sales headcount by 70% by February 2026 compared to February 2025. Southeast Asia is a vast under-penetrated market for sophisticated fleet management and video-based solutions, and we are very well positioned to capitalize on the opportunity. We ended Q2 with approximately 216,000 subscribers in Europe, an increase of 19%.

Europe comprised 10% of our total subscription revenue and European subscription revenue accelerated to 27%. We continue to accelerate our organic growth, expand our customer base and increase our distribution capabilities. We have partnered with leading OEMs to provide easy access to our platform, seamlessly integrating their connected vehicle data to our platform through application programming interfaces. We expect these partnerships to contribute to our results in the medium to long term. In addition, we are experiencing encouraging demand for our proprietary compliance technology in the region, as customers seek to simplify compliance with evolving legislation and enforcement.

In Q2, Karooooo Logistics continued to build scale and delivered revenue of ZAR 139 million, an increase of 38% and an 8% operating profit margin. Growth in e-commerce orders drove the acceleration in Karooooo Logistics' revenue growth. Karooooo Logistics supports our strong financial performance by immersing our platform into large customers' operations, contributing to strong customer retention. Karooooo Logistics also enables us to learn about the operational and logistics challenges confronting our large customers. We see a large opportunity for Karooooo Logistics going forward as large businesses seek to increase their e-commerce offerings and optimize their logistics capabilities through a capital-light model. In Q2, we continued to make good progress with our FY '26 priorities.

First, we continue to strengthen our leadership position in South Africa by selling our video solutions and Cartrack tag to our existing customer base. This initiative continues to demonstrate early traction. Second, we continue to expand our distribution footprint in Asia and Europe. We are seeing success in expanding our teams in the region. Finally, we continue to work with our customers globally to drive broader engagement with our platform and to capture the growing demand for video capabilities, including AI video.

Capital allocation is a fundamental part of our culture, and we aim to remain disciplined with our capital allocation strategy, rooted in a 20-year culture of profitable growth at scale and prudent financial management, key drivers of long-term shareholder value. Our capital allocation framework is unchanged and prioritizes organic growth and innovation. Our paramount priority is investing in organic growth and product innovation given our strong unit economics, sustained profitability and large market opportunity. Returning capital to shareholders. At current growth rates, our business generated significant excess cash. With our strong balance sheet and net cash position, we aim to return surplus cash to shareholders, when we cannot efficiently invest it for growth, primarily through an annual dividend.

As to avoid doubt, management prioritizes growth over dividends. Strategic M&A. We take a prudent and strategic approach to M&A. We view M&A as a tool to accelerate time to market in key geographies, expand our product portfolio or strengthen our competitive position. However, given our compelling organic growth, customer-centric culture and attractive unit economics, we set a high bar for any potential acquisitions. Ultimately, we see it as our responsibility to allocate capital thoughtfully always with the goal of maximizing long-term shareholder returns. I will now hand over to Hoeshin, who will discuss our Q2 financial performance.

Hoeshin Goy: Thank you, Carmen. I will now discuss Karooooo financial performance for quarter 2 FY 2026. Please note, my comments will refer to year-over-year comparisons unless we state otherwise. Our proven and profitable SaaS business model continued to deliver strong results in quarter 2. Karooooo's total subscription revenue increased 20% to ZAR 1,182 million, operating profit increased 18% to ZAR 356 million and adjusted earnings per share increased 13% to ZAR 8.28. In this quarter, our earnings were impacted by withholding tax from dividend payment made by the subsidiaries to the holding company and our continued investment in sales and marketing. We will now focus on Cartrack's financial performance, which is fueled by SaaS revenue momentum.

In quarter 2, Cartrack revenue increased 20% to ZAR 1,204 million, and Cartrack subscription revenue increased 20% to ZAR 1,180 million. Subscription revenue comprised 98% of Cartrack's total revenue. Quarter 2 ARR increased 20% in rand and 21% in U.S. dollar. As you can see from the trend of the charts, Cartrack has a proven track record of scaling in varying macroeconomic conditions given our consistent execution, resilient subscription revenue model and attractive historic retention rates. In quarter 2, Cartrack experienced healthy customer acquisition. Quarter 2 subscriber increased 15% to approximately 2.5 million. Subscription revenue increased 20% to ZAR 1,180 million, and operating profit increased 18% to ZAR 344 million.

Quarter 2 SaaS ARR accelerated to 20% compared to 18% in quarter 1 FY 2026. We believe the acceleration in SaaS ARR reflects the underlying momentum in the business and signals that our strategic initiatives are gaining traction. Total subscriber growth also remained healthy at 15%. Cartrack experienced solid customer acquisition with healthy net subscriber addition of 70,740 in this quarter. The pace of net subscriber additions reflects our focus on selling video and Cartrack tag to existing customers, while we also build our distribution capabilities to execute on the full market opportunities. Cartrack continued to grow its subscription revenue across geographies with growth acceleration in South Africa and Europe. South Africa subscription revenue growth accelerated to 18%.

Europe subscription revenue growth accelerated to 27%. Asia and Middle East subscription revenue growth increased to 26%. This region was our fastest-growing region on a constant currency basis. The healthy growth across regions reflects our execution track records and provide a solid foundation for continued growth. Karooooo delivered strong operating profit growth of 18% in quarter 2 FY 2026. While earnings in this quarter include higher tax expense related to dividend withholding tax and our continued investment in sales and marketing, our adjusted earnings per share increased 13% to ZAR 8.28. Cartrack increased its earnings per share contribution by 13% to ZAR 8.07. Karooooo Logistics earnings per share contribution increased 17% to ZAR 0.21.

On a year-to-date basis, our adjusted free cash flow increased 44% to ZAR 358 million, underscoring the strength of our operating model. As we pursue accelerated growth, we expect free cash flow to reflect our upfront investment for growth. While quarterly fluctuations may occur due to working capital movements and growth-oriented investment, we remain confident in our ability to consistently generate meaningful free cash flow. Karooooo's consistent free cash flow generation show our disciplined capital allocation strategy and position us well for future growth. Our balance sheet reflects our track record of growth at scale, profitability and cash generation. Our net cash on hand plus cash in bank fixed deposits was ZAR 393 million.

Debtors collection days remain healthy at 31 days and are within our historical norms. In August, we paid a total cash dividend of approximately $38.6 million to our shareholders, which equates to a dividend of $1.25 per share. We believe that our ability to generate healthy cash flow is sustainable given our annuity business model, coupled with our track record of consistent execution and success. We believe Karooooo remains strongly positioned for growth as we operate in an expanding and largely underpenetrated market, fueled by robust and sustained customer demand. This demand is driven by a heightened focus on digitalization, the need to improve operational efficiencies and reduce costs and increasing attention to safety in physical operations.

So far, in FY 2026, we have accelerated Cartrack subscription revenue growth by expanding our distribution footprint in existing markets, driving broader platform adoptions and capitalizing on growing demand for video solutions. We are encouraged by our positive performance as evidenced by Cartrack subscription revenue growth of 20% in quarter 2 and is in line with our guidance for the year. On a year-to-date basis, Cartrack subscription revenue growth has accelerated to 19% and the business has delivered a 29% operating profit margin reflecting strong execution, while investing in sales and marketing capacity to support future growth. With continued investment in sales, marketing and infrastructure, we believe we are well positioned to achieve our FY 2026 growth ambitions.

Accordingly, excluding the cost of secondary offering, our FY 2026 outlook remain unchanged. In closing, the underlying acceleration in the business reflects the strength of our operating model and early traction from strategic investment in sales capacity and customer acquisition. We have made deliberate choice to invest and enhance our distribution footprint, and we are beginning to see those efforts materialize. With continued execution, disciplined investment and growing regional momentum, we believe that we are well positioned to deliver profitable long-term growth. With that, I will turn the presentation over to Zak Calisto for Q&A.

Isaias Jose Calisto: Hello, everyone. I just have a problem with my platform here. Good morning and good afternoon to everybody. Thank you, everybody, for joining us. I'll just go through all the questions. The first question is from Dylan Becker from William Blair. You talked about safety adoption and expansion helping drive acceleration. Subscriber additions remain healthy, but can you talk about the tax rates you're seeing on some of your newer offerings? If you're seeing greater willingness for customers to adopt multiple products upfront? And how is the supporting in the ARPU piece of the growth algorithm? So, Dylan, we've grown our ARPU by 4%, and that's our full ARPU across all the different geographies.

Our initial target was to be able to grow ARPU this year in South Africa by 10%, which should lead to around 6% for the group. And if you take -- if we take it on a monthly basis at the end of Q1, I think we are behind, but as at the end of Q2, we're more or less in line with our expectations. And the key factor in the bottleneck to adoption is our ability to have sufficient teams to deal with onboarding both new customers and to be able to cross-sell our new products. So I think all in all, we are pleased with the progress we've made. Next question from Dylan.

Maintaining healthy unit economics while adding capacity across territories, remind us how to think about new rep ramp contribution as well as your views on where sales capacity sits today versus demand? I think, Dylan, it talks a little bit back to the previous question. And I think at the end of the day, I think we're experiencing much more demand than we can deliver. And it really is -- the bottleneck really is about building our teams to be able to deliver. And we're getting good momentum. But as you know, Dylan, it's never good enough. I think, there's definitely room to build teams faster. Another question from Dylan.

South African subscription revenue remains impressive, given the scale of business there. Maybe a sense of how you think about drivers of momentum in the market and how that supports conviction in the overall subscription durability, opportunity to lean more in the multiple product cross-sell in markets outside of South Africa? I think fundamentally, Dylan, we ran out of space just before COVID, then we had plans to build a new building, so we could build out teams. Then COVID came, we couldn't build the building. And we only moved into the new building in September last year.

And we have been in the last year really focused in recruiting and building teams, and we are building the teams in South Africa quite quickly. I think we've got a really good team in both training and in both recruitment. And I think we're making really good momentum, and we need these teams for new customer acquisitions and to cross-sell and add additional products to our customers. So I think we've still got a long way to go before these teams mature.

And hopefully, with the new initiatives that we're dealing with AI, we will probably be able to allocate a lot of jobs already to AI and be able to be under less pressure to add more people and just to relocate the current people, which have already got a lot of business knowledge into new departments. And the next question comes from Alex from Raymond James. What did you see from vision attach rate by geo? And how does this look for the new customers versus back to base sale? Are you landing with video with a higher percentage of new subscribers?

And I think it's still quite early days, Alex, and I think we still have a lot to build. But I think most of our sales at this point in time are really coming from our existing customer base. But -- and I would say that we're only getting about video sales today is probably only about 10% of our sales. We have a lot to build in terms of teams, and it goes back to what I said to Dylan. We're not there in terms of being able to have the proper distribution that we want to have, but the building of our teams is going according to plan.

On Cartrack gross margin, how is -- how is the change in mix shift towards videos cross-sell impacting gross margins? So our gross margin has typically been in the region of about 70% to 74%. And if you look at in this specific quarter, you'll see our cost of sales actually went up a bit higher than our subscription, and that brought our margin down compared to the previous margin that we had a year ago of 74%. I think this year, it was at 72%, and that's going to be because we had increased cost of sales.

But nothing out of our historical norm, but it does -- there is this adjustment between the 30% growth and the 20% in the top line. But our gross profit margin is in keeping with our historical past. I'm hoping, I've actually answered your question. So video, I don't believe is having an impact on gross profit margins because of the way we do our pricing, the way our unit economy, and what we typically do have is if the 1 factor that can affect the top line is, if there's expenses in the unit economics, to talk a bit further about this, is whether you're paying out in salaries or whether you're paying it out in commissions.

But the unit economics is the same. So what we've seen is an increase in payments and commissions that affects your cost of sales, but your fundamental unit economics has remained the same. Hopefully, I've answered the question, but I can talk you through it if necessary after this. A question from Sinan from Amber Road. You mentioned improving your sales force productivity in the earnings release. How did the new sales reps compared to the existing base of sales reps today? And how fast are they improving? Fundamentally, Sinan, we're always bringing on new people. And clearly, newcomers never perform as well as the well-established salespeople that have been with us for many years. So nothing has changed.

We expect newcomers to go through a learning curve. A question from [indiscernible]. Great performance. It's good to see the improved Cartrack ARPU growth. The Cartrack subscriber net adds was below last year, what contributed to the slowdown? I think fundamentally, [ Claire ], we are more focused on growing our subscription revenue as opposed to subscribers because we're busy cross-selling. And we haven't got sufficient people to do both.

So there's been quite a lot of focus of our salespeople dealing with our cross-selling to our customers with the new products, and it really is just -- it really just boils down to having sufficient people to execute at all the opportunities that we do have, and our bottleneck is people at the end of the day. The next question from [ Ablee ]. How long do you expect the elevated operating expenses related to geographic expansion and increased headcount to persist before normalization? I think the reality the word normalization doesn't really exist in our business, not at this stage because we believe there's a huge TAM opportunity.

And we will be investing in infrastructure, in OpEx and in sales. And it's just -- we all have different levers where we'll expense and invest at different times and it all depends how fast we're executing, where we need to spend the money. But I think fundamentally, we've got a very strong track record of disciplined capital allocation. We're very prudent with our money and the unit economics have remained very strong. And I personally look more at our unit economics than the IFRS here now. So I think fundamentally, nothing has changed in terms of the way we allocate capital, I would say, for the last 20 years. The next question from Roy from Morgan Stanley.

Estimated market penetration in each region? I think, South Africa, Roy, it's always a [ thumb sack ]. I'm not certain about these numbers. South Africa is probably a market penetration of about 35%. If you look at Europe, I think penetration rates there could be around 20%, 25%. I'm not sure, Roy. So whatever I give you, it really is a personal view, I don't think it's necessarily factual. And when we look at Asia, I think the penetration rate there is probably low, probably under 10%. That's what I believe. But we've got 3 levers and opportunity, Roy?

The one is to grow our customer acquisition; the other one is to be able to sell new features on our SaaS platform, which we typically do not do. We don't -- every time we do it, we add a new stack to our platform or new features. We don't then go try and raise ARPU based on new features. And the third one is to actually add new products, which we'd be busy doing right now with the Cartrack tag and the video, that's obviously new hardware with different costs. And obviously, we work out the unit economics behind these new products.

And clearly, on adding these products, that does increase the ARPU on the customer based on -- but at the same time, it does come with additional costs, both in cost of sales and operational cost, but majority is cost of sales. I've got another question from Sinan from Amber Road. If your bottleneck is people, can AI help in scaling your go-to-market efforts? And I think it's -- AI, it's a bit of hype word. And there's a lot of things where AI can be used, and it's extremely efficient. But you normally find that the downside when AI doesn't work can cause you more damage than when it does work.

So there's a lot of -- we're obviously playing around with a lot of tools. We're doing a lot of things ourselves in terms -- and when I talk about AI, I talk about the broad market products that are existing and are coming to market. So there's a lot of really impressive stuff. We've tried a lot of stuff. We've had to pull it back because it's not -- when it works, it's fine, but when it doesn't work, it creates havoc and can actually create quite a lot of customer unhappiness. And the markets we're in typically have got a very low tolerance to be speaking to machines.

In some markets like the U.S., people are quite used to not speaking to humans. But in a place like South Africa or Europe, people really do not want to be talking to machines. And -- so it's a process. I think we'll get there, and AI will definitely get there. I think that's all the questions for today. I want to thank everybody, and thank you for attending. Goodbye. Bye-bye.