Warren Buffett's first rule of investing is "Never lose money." To this, he often adds rule No. 2: "Never forget rule No. 1." Of course, following these rules is easier said than done. But Buffett's done pretty well, so it seems unwise to simply dismiss his advice as the semi-coherent ramblings of a man who's read way too many 10-Ks.
I take those rules to heart in my investment strategy. I try to focus my investment dollars on sustainable, undervalued businesses that I can easily understand. Buffett has made more than $40 billion for himself using that strategy, and he's made even more for his partners and shareholders over the years. Do you really need to assume a lot of risk to make more than $40 billion? My answer, and the answer of my colleagues at Motley FoolInsideValue, is "Heck, no!" If I make only $40 billion, I'll be perfectly satisfied.
People spend a lot of time discussing the companies Buffett buys. But in the spirit of not losing money, it's equally worthwhile to understand the types of businesses that Buffett does not buy in order to steer clear of potential duds. I see five main categories:
1. Businesses that bet the farm
In some industries, companies occasionally have to make critically important decisions. If the company makes the wrong choice, it will be dealt a crippling blow. This is terrible for a shareholder, because even if the company makes the right decision one month, it might fail to do so the next. There's no "three strikes and you're out" policy. One strike, and it's game over -- your money's gone.
Consider Boeing's conundrum in the superjumbo jet market. Developing a new jet costs billions of dollars, which can be recouped only if the jet proves to be a huge success. Boeing's competition, Airbus, already has more than 160 orders for its A380 superjumbo. But Boeing's research shows that airlines are moving away from a hub-and-spoke model. Thus, Boeing is betting the farm against the superjumbo, opting instead to develop the 787, a smaller, long-range jet that it expects to better address the market's needs. But if Boeing's analysis is incorrect and the market moves toward the superjumbos, it will lose customers. Either way, it's a tough decision, with potentially terrible consequences for Boeing.
2. Businesses dependent on research
It's quite reasonable to believe that research can be a competitive advantage for certain companies. In fact, one reason Alcon (NYSE:ACL) has been successful is that it has focused on developing new products for a niche it understands well -- eye care. Nevertheless, there is a downside to research. Often, innovative companies are required to do research simply to maintain their competitive position. And if the research dries up, the company suffers.
For instance, consider the plight of Schering-Plough (NYSE:SGP). Like many of the huge pharmaceutical companies, until 1999, Schering-Plough had an impressive history of earnings growth because of new drug discoveries. But since that time, several of its drugs have come off patent, including a major best-seller, Claritin, and Schering-Plough has struggled to find new drugs to replace the old. As a large pharmaceutical, it still has many dominating competitive advantages, but its failing pipeline has led to sub-par returns over the past five years.
Thus, tech, pharmaceuticals, and other companies dependent on research constantly have to be wary of their innovation failing. This is a stark contrast to a company like FedEx (NYSE:FDX), which could develop nothing for a decade and still have a healthy business. While I don't think this is sufficient reason to sell off all your technology stocks, I can understand why Buffett avoids such investments.
3. Debt-burdened companies
In general, Buffett avoids companies with a lot of debt. This makes sense. During the best of times, large amounts of debt mean that cash that could be put toward growing the business or rewarding shareholders is instead servicing the debt. In a crisis, debt greatly limits a company's options and can sometimes lead to bankruptcy.
A more subtle point is that great businesses throw off piles of cash. Great businesses generally don't need to use huge amounts of debt leverage to achieve an acceptable return for shareholders. So if a company needs debt to achieve reasonable returns, it's less likely to be a great business. You can see this with Qwest Communications (NYSE:Q) and Sprint Nextel (NYSE:S). Both businesses have piles of debt because they needed to take on that debt to build out their networks enough to compete. Now, they have to both pay down that debt and evolve to compete with new technologies that are invading their traditional niches.
4. Companies with questionable management
Management has incredible power. If executives want to enrich themselves at the expense of shareholders, either directly or by misrepresenting the company's prospects, individual shareholders have almost no hope of stopping them. I strongly recommend avoiding companies where there's even a hint that management lacks integrity. Some clues to look for here include excessively optimistic press releases, overly generous compensation or options grants, and frequently blaming external circumstances for operational shortcomings. WorldCom and Enron shares may have risen for years, but at the end of the day, shareholders received almost nothing. That's why I think questionable management is the worst flaw a company can have.
5. Companies that require continued capital investment
Over the long term, shareholders make spectacular returns by buying businesses that are able to achieve extraordinary returns on capital. This leads to excess capital that the company can use to repurchase shares, pay a dividend to shareholders, or reinvest in further growth. Companies that constantly need to make additional capital investment to keep the business going are the antithesis of this ideal -- the main beneficiaries will be employees, management, suppliers, and government. In other words, everyone except shareholders.
Semiconductor companies, because of the huge expense of building and maintaining chip-fabrication facilities, also suffer from this disadvantage. Chip tester Amkor Technology (NASDAQ:AMKR), for example, has found profits and free cash flow hard to come by because of its large capital expenditures.
The upshot
These characteristics don't necessarily make a company a bad investment. Applied Materials (NASDAQ:AMAT), for instance, has been a decent long-term investment despite ongoing R&D and capital expenditures. But a solid understanding of why these types of companies may be undesirable can help you identify whether a company that looks good on the surface might actually cost you money later.
We use similar techniques at Inside Value. With every stock, we cautiously evaluate each of these factors -- focusing on competitive advantages, potential threats, the balance sheet, and anything we can glean from SEC filings -- to determine whether the business is likely to provide a solid return for shareholders in the future. In our initial recommendation of any company, we discuss the risks the company faces and provide updates when new risks appear on the horizon. By focusing on great businesses and understanding the potential risks of any company, we endeavor to achieve Buffett's first rule -- "Never lose money." To see the nearly 40 companies we've identified, take a 30-day guest pass to Inside Value. There's no obligation to subscribe.
This article was originally published on Oct. 7, 2005. It has been updated.
Fool contributor Richard Gibbons has forgotten what rule No. 2 is. He does not have a position in any of the companies mentioned in this article. FedEx is a Motley Fool Stock Advisor pick. The Motley Fool has adisclosure policy.
