Top Stocks to Buy Today

"The stock market is filled with individuals who know the price of everything, but the value of nothing."
-- Philip Fisher

Despite the recent gains in the market, current economic data suggests we shouldn't expect a full recovery anytime too soon. So it may be fair to ask ourselves: How can we avoid the mistakes that got us here, and how can we find the top stocks to buy today?

Consider this
The mistakes that led to this downturn are reminiscent of the speculative frenzy known as the Dutch Tulip Craze. In 1636, Dutch citizens found themselves caught up in a tulip rampage, fueling skyrocketing orders and prices that grew by as much as 100% per week.

Eventually, one tulip bulb was selling for the equivalent of thousands of modern-day dollars! The market became overbought, and the frenzy bottomed. By 1637, the price of tulips was less than 1% of what it had been before the crash. Value was an afterthought to the tulip "day traders" who sought to profit from irrationally soaring prices.

Quickly fast-forward to the dot-com bust. The growth of Internet companies and an overinvestment in information technology caused the Nasdaq to rise more than 600% from 1994 to early 2000. If you were alive or breathing in the last 10 years, surely you remember what happened next:

• In 18 short months, approximately $5 trillion was wiped out from the value of technology stocks.
• Silicon Valley trendsetters like Adobe Systems (NASDAQ:ADBE) and NetApp (NASDAQ:NTAP) experienced price depreciations of more than 75%.

As with the tulips, it seemed as though everyone was confident in the price of the next "big" stock. The classic example of the overhyped company of the time was Pets.com. After trading for more than $14 per share, it liquidated in less than 270 days at $0.22 per share. Everyone supposedly knew the right price -- but what was the value?

OK, let's talk 2008
Call last year what you want. The housing horror. The derivative debacle. The commodity crisis. The securitization scare. There are too many explanations for the collapse to isolate only one aspect.

For the sake of argument, I'll arbitrarily choose crude oil to illustrate my point. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission recently announced it will release a report suggesting speculators played a role in driving last year's wild swings in oil prices, which spiked at $145 a barrel for crude in July before collapsing to $33 a barrel by December, representing a 77% decline in value over a six-month period.

Transocean (NYSE:RIG) and Noble (NYSE:NE), two of the larger offshore drilling management and service providers, lost more than 65% of their value from July 2008 to November 2008 ... and have gone on to more than double along with the recent crude oil rally. I don't mean to sound repetitive here, but from these numbers, it appears that many investors didn't evaluate these companies' competitive positions, but were instead making bets on oil prices.

What, if anything, have we learned?
We can be certain that there will always be ups and downs, booms and busts, good years and bad. So what can we do? One philosophy is to invest in companies with great competitive advantages, clean balance sheets, and a history of success in their given industries.

For example, Open Table (NASDAQ:OPEN), a restaurant reservation solution provider, has clearly emerged as a leader and innovator in its respective industry. With zero debt, healthy gross margins, and revenue growth of over 20%, investing in Open Table would certainly seem like a good idea. But at more than 60 times future earnings, does it provide you with much value today?

Similarly, you might be excited by the prospects for Las Vegas Sands' (NYSE:LVS) recent move into untapped Asian markets. It is currently building Marina Bay Sands, one of the first casinos in Singapore. In addition, it is one of a select few companies that has been given jurisdiction to build in the high growth market of Macau, China. Las Vegas Sands currently earns about 70% of its revenues outside the stagnant U.S. market, and with annualized gross profits of 22% over the last five years, it seems like it may be the one Vegas-based casino ready to emerge from the recession.

But it's trading at over 45 times future earnings and 2.8 times its book value. Does that provide value to someone buying shares today?

It's hard to know the answers. That's why we focus not only on exciting companies, but on ones that are exuding value, as well.

Here's a place to start
In both bear and bull markets, value investing has provided people with a logical and methodical approach to investing. The general ideas: Don't speculate on questionable growth potential or companies with debatable revenue streams. Look at companies that may be trading well below their intrinsic value for unfounded reasons, seem cheap compared with their industry, and have strong records of returning capital to their shareholders.

Here a just a few companies that fit the bill right now:

Data from Motley Fool CAPS.

Granted, in some cases these companies' P/Es are artificially low based on last year's higher earnings. But even if earnings decline, they're still cheap.

More ideas
Our Motley Fool Inside Value team seeks out companies that not only have great competitive advantage and growth opportunities (Open Table and Las Vegas Sands, for example), but that also trade at bargain prices. If you're looking for more cheap stock ideas, you can click here for a free stock report.

Fool contributor Jordan DiPietro doesn't own any of the shares mentioned above. OpenTable is a Motley Fool Rule Breakers pick. Adobe Systems is a Motley Fool Stock Advisor recommendation. The Fool's disclosure policy recently redeemed its change jar and made $87. Now that's value.