Enron -- reviled, fraudulent Enron -- destroyed more than $60 billion of shareholder value.
AIG (NYSE:AIG), which the government just took over, has destroyed $180 billion already -- and it almost brought down our entire financial system.
We don't know money
Which is ironic, given AIG's old television commercials, in which the giant letters "A I G" displayed on the screen while text flashed underneath that culminated in the following phrase -- all in capital letters:
WE KNOW MONEY
There were no smiling couples, young children at play, or lounging retirees. No, AIG was above that -- it was better than that.
But here's a news flash, AIG: You don't know money.
If you did, you'd have realized a few things. Insurance is terribly simple, as long as you follow the Three Rules:
- Price your risk correctly.
- Invest conservatively so you can pay out claims when they come due.
- Don't do anything else.
Sit back and collect the spread. That's it, folks.
Seriously, that is it. Ask Warren Buffett, and he'll probably tell you that if you follow those three rules, you'll be fine. You won't be the biggest or fastest grower, but you'll be absolutely fine.
The problems come when you get greedy and aren't satisfied with the spread. And your greed can lead to certain actions that aren't stated anywhere in the rules, including:
- Diversifying into fast-money proprietary trading.
- Leveraging your company 11-to-1.
Neither of these is a goal of a well-run insurance company, yet AIG embraced both with open arms.
Diworsifying
But AIG self-destructed not because it screwed up in its insurance business. It didn't fall into the trap of mispricing risk, as so many other insurers over the years have done. It also invested premiums fairly conservatively. So it followed Rules 1 and 2.
Where it slipped up was in Rule 3. See, the folks at AIG thought they were so smart at insurance that they could start other capital-markets businesses ... including proprietary asset management in things such as commodities, currencies, energy, interest rates, and the selling of default swaps on collateralized debt obligations (CDOs).
This strategy worked beautifully -- for a while. AIG created a separate business segment called Financial Services to trade in the aforementioned assets. This business had $204 billion in assets at year-end 2007, up from $60 billion in 1998.
Operating income surged from $900 million in 1998 to $4.4 billion in 2005. Some of the moves it made were brilliant, such as the purchase of ILFC, an aircraft-leasing business. But the other trading businesses were the Medusa that turned the whole company to stone.
Let me make one thing clear: Proprietary trading isn't bad, in and of itself. Warren Buffett engages in it. But just like atomic weapons in the wrong hands, proprietary trading can do a lot of damage. The problem is when you start to get aggressive and don't heed proper risk -- when you start to speculate instead of invest.
And there's one other critical ingredient for disaster.
The "L" word
As in "leverage," the sharp knife in corporate seppuku dramas. Leverage is, by my estimation, the No. 1 reason why companies fail.
And compared with its peers, AIG had one of the sharpest knives around. Here's how its leverage (assets to equity) stacked up against other insurance operations as of December 2007:
- AIG: 11 to 1.
- Markel (NYSE:MKL): 4 to 1.
- Berkshire Hathaway (NYSE:BRK-B): 2 to 1.
- Montpelier Re (NYSE:MRH): 2 to 1.
- Travelers (NYSE:TRV): 4 to 1.
- White Mountains Insurance (NYSE:WTM): 4 to 1.
- Chubb (NYSE:CB): 4 to 1.
I would love it if someone gave me a rational, believable explanation of why leveraging your equity 11-to-1 is a good thing for an insurer. The sole job of an insurance CEO is to ensure that his or her company stays in business; the CEO's job has nothing -- absolutely nothing -- to do with growing profits every year in a steady, smooth line.
Surprises in insurance are almost always negative, so simply staying solvent is the overriding priority. A company can do just that by following the Three Rules.
Two years ago, a few of my Fool colleagues had an interesting conversation with Chris Harris, the chief investment officer at reinsurer Montpelier Re. Harris noted that Montpelier invested its float primarily in U.S. Treasuries, Fannie and Freddie bonds (back when they were considered safe), and the like.
When asked why he didn't invest more aggressively, Harris said the company believed that it got all the risk it could handle on the other side of the fence, insuring against megacatastrophes.
Even if you disagree, as an investor you have to recognize the judiciousness in this way of managing one's business. An insurer that has to pay big claims from hurricanes Ike and Gustav and Typhoon Sinlaku -- and additionally worry about the rapid decline in its investment portfolio as a result of the higher level of risks it has taken on -- has a big problem.
That insurer, folks, is AIG. And that big problem is now yours and mine.
This really is bigger than Enron
The edifice Hank Greenberg built has all come crashing down. Apparently, AIG didn't realize that almost 40 years of 15% growth multiplied by a big fat zero equals just that: zero. It didn't consider that its leverage left it exposed to a liquidity crisis, and it didn't consider that its non-insurance businesses could bring down the whole company.
In all fairness, management did not realize how much exposure it had to CDOs backed by subprime loans. This may or may not be true, but Buffett has famously stated that each one of these prospectuses has something like 15,000 pages, so it's unlikely they were gone through in any great detail.
But investing in things you don't know is a huge risk, right? And that risk was compounded by having so much leverage. The fact is, the more leverage you have, the more careful you must be with the investments you hold, because your own capital structure is that much riskier.
AIG did nothing of the sort. And so even though it has a rock-solid, wonderful insurance franchise, its greed and lack of care in its investing decisions took down one of the world's great companies.
What a shame. What a shame for all of the investors who lost billions thinking that this company was conservative. What a shame for taxpayers like you and me. What a shame for the United States' reputation as a beacon of financial stability and conservatism.
For Fool.com's continuing coverage of this week's events, check out "The Biggest Financial Story of the Past 50 Years."
Andrew Sullivan has no financial interest in any of the companies mentioned. Montpelier Re is a Motley Fool Hidden Gems selection. Markel and Berkshire Hathaway are Motley Fool Inside Value recommendations. Montpelier Re and Berkshire Hathaway are Motley Fool Stock Advisor picks. The Motley Fool owns shares of Berkshire Hathaway and has a disclosure policy.
