The U.S. is building a new supercomputer and it wants Advanced Micro Devices (NYSE: AMD) and NVIDIA (Nasdaq: NVDA) to help build it. Cray (Nasdaq: CRAY), whose technology is already embedded in the world's third-fastest supercomputer, is also in on the project. But not Intel (Nasdaq: INTC). The worldwide chip leader and Silicon Valley pioneer will sit this one out.

Surprising? Definitely.

AMD has some history handling supercomputing, but NVIDIA only recently stretched beyond graphics processing with its Tegra chips for smartphones and tablets. Here, NVIDIA's newest GPU chipsets -- known as "Fermi" -- will be combined with core AMD processors to create a system that's two to three times more energy-efficient than Japan's K supercomputer, which is also the world's fastest, The Wall Street Journal reports.

The Department of Energy has commissioned the system, called "Titan," with the goal of retaking the computing lead. We don't know if the name draws from history, but if not, there's irony to the choice. Lockheed Martin's (NYSE: LMT) Titan rocket was used throughout the 1960s for the Gemini space missions that helped the U.S. win what at the time was a "space race" to the moon.

Welcome to the new space race. China has grown competitive. Japan leads now. And the U.S. government, beleaguered though it may be, doesn't like losing.

How this plays out long term is anyone's guess, but what's clear is that deep-pocketed federal agencies like the DOE see AMD and former niche supplier NVIDIA as viable alternatives for outfitting their most important computing systems. Don't be surprised if the breakthrough leads to more design wins, more contracts, and best of all, more profits.

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