In the quest to find great investments, most investors focus on earnings to gauge a company's financial strength. This is a good start, but earnings can be misleading and incomplete. To get a clearer understanding of a company's ability to earn money and reward you, the shareholder, it's often better to focus on cash flow. In this series, we tear apart a company's cash flow statement to see how much money is truly being earned and, more importantly, what management is doing with that cash.
Step on up, ManpowerGroup
The first step in analyzing cash flow is to look at net income. ManpowerGroup's net income over the last five years has been all over the place:
|
2011 |
2010 |
2009 |
2008 |
2007 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normalized Net Income | $314 million | $194 million | $51 million | $402 million | $486 million |
Source: S&P Capital IQ.
Next we add back in a few non-cash expenses, like the depreciation of assets, and adjust net income for changes in inventory, accounts receivable, and accounts payable -- changes in cash levels that reflect a company either paying its bills or being paid by customers. This yields a figure called "cash from operating activities" -- the amount of cash a company generates from doing everyday business.
From there we subtract capital expenditures, or the amount a company spends acquiring or fixing physical assets. This yields one version of a figure called "free cash flow," or the true amount of cash a company has left over for its investors after doing business:
|
2011 |
2010 |
2009 |
2008 |
2007 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Free Cash Flow | $4 million | $124 million | $379 million | $699 million | $341 million |
Source: S&P Capital IQ.
Now we know how much cash ManpowerGroup is really pulling in each year. Next question: What is it doing with that cash?
There are two ways a company can use free cash flow to directly reward shareholders: dividends and share repurchases. Cash not returned to shareholders can be stashed in the bank, invested in other companies and assets, or used to pay off debt.
Here's how much ManpowerGroup has returned to shareholders in recent years:
|
2011 |
2010 |
2009 |
2008 |
2007 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dividends | $65 million | $61 million | $58 million | $58 million | $57 million |
| Share Repurchases | $105 million | $35 million | -- | $125 million | $419 million |
| Total Returned to Shareholders | $170 million | $96 million | $58 million | $184 million | $476 million |
Source: S&P Capital IQ.
As you can see, the company has repurchased a decent amount of its own stock. That's caused shares outstanding to fall, if only slightly.
|
2011 |
2010 |
2009 |
2008 |
2007 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shares Outstanding (millions) | 82 | 81 | 78 | 79 | 83 |
Source: S&P Capital IQ.
Now, companies tend to be fairly poor at repurchasing their own shares, buying feverishly when shares are expensive and backing away when they're cheap. Does ManpowerGroup fall into this trap? Let's take a look:
Source: S&P Capital IQ.
Not great. ManpowerGroup repurchased a lot of stock in 2007 when shares were high but none in 2009 when they came crashing down. It then returned to buybacks after shares inched higher. Given reasonable valuations, the recent buybacks have likely been a decent deal for shareholders, but management's buyback record is hardly impressive.
Finally, I like to look at how dividends have added to total shareholder returns:
Source: S&P Capital IQ.
Shares returned -49% over the last five years, which increases to -44% with dividends reinvested -- a small boost to top off terrible performance.
To gauge how well a company is doing, keep an eye on the cash. How much a company earns is not as important as how much cash is actually coming in the door, and how much cash is coming in the door isn't as important as what management actually does with that cash. Remember, you, the shareholder, own the company. Are you happy with the way management has used ManpowerGroup's cash? Sound off in the comment section below.
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