With the explosion of options use in recent years, you may be asking yourself, "What are options, and why would anyone consider using them?"
Options represent the right (but not the obligation) to take some sort of action -- buying or selling shares of a given stock -- by a predetermined date.
There are two types of options, calls and puts. And there are two sides to every option transaction -- the party buying the option, and the party selling (also called writing) the option. Each side comes with its own risk/reward profile, and each may be entered into for different strategic reasons.
What's a call option?
A call is the option to buy the underlying stock at a predetermined price (the strike price) by a predetermined date (the expiry). The buyer of a call has the right to buy shares at the strike price until expiry. If the call buyer decides to buy -- also known as exercising the option -- the call writer is obliged to sell his/her shares to the call buyer at the strike price.
Nokia (NYSE: NOK), for example, recently fell to 14% in a single day, and is off a total of 42% from the start of 2011. The handset maker chucked its former guidance and admitted to struggling with profitability, consumer shift to its lower-margin products, and strategic challenges associated with transitioning its phones to Microsoft’s Windows Phone operating system. Based on this doom and gloom forecast, investors presumably see little reason to own the stock in the here and now. But surely valuation considerations should also come into play. Nokia currently trades at about four times fiscal 2012 EBITDA (a quick proxy for pre-capital spending cash flow) versus historical multiples routinely more than double that. An investor today, believing the bludgeoning is over, could leverage this belief in a better tomorrow by buying a call option with a strike price at $5.00, expiring in January 2013.
Today, that call would cost around $185 per 100 shares, or $1.85 per share. The call buyer has the right to exercise that option anytime between now and Jan. 18, 2013, to buy shares of the global phone maker for $5.00. The writer of the call would have the obligation to deliver those shares and be happy receiving $5.00 for them. We'll discuss the merits and motivations of each side of the trade momentarily.
What's a put option?
If a call is the right to buy, then perhaps unsurprisingly, a put is the option to sell the underlying stock at a predetermined strike price until a fixed expiration date. The put buyer has the right to sell shares at the strike price, and if he/she decides to sell, the put writer is obliged to buy at that price.
Perhaps you’re sceptical, as I am, of the staying power of OpenTable (Nasdaq: OPEN) restaurant reservation system/solution (or rather, of the staying power of the stock at over 100 times earnings -- a feeling perhaps shared by the insiders routinely cashing out themselves). Investors could profit from a potential slide in the share price by buying a put option at, say, the $70 strike price. The buyer of the put has the right, until expiry, to sell their shares for $70. Sellers of the put have the obligation to purchase the shares for $70 (which could hurt, in the event that OpenTable were to decline severely).
Why use options?
Call buyers profit when the price of the underlying shares rises, since the call price will rise as the shares do. Call writers are making the opposite bet, hoping for stock price declines (or, at least, for the stock to rise less than the amount they receive for selling the call in the first place).
Put buyers profit when the underlying stock price falls, because the put price increases as the underlying stock price decreases. Conversely, put writers are hoping for the option to expire with the stock price above the strike price, or at least for the stock to decline by an amount less than what they've been paid to sell the put.
You certainly don't need options to make money in the stock market, but there are several reasons why you may want to consider using them. Calls and puts -- alone, combined with each other, or even in addition to positions in the underlying stock -- can provide various levels of leverage or protection to a portfolio.
- Options can act as insurance to protect gains. lululemon athletica (Nasdaq: LULU) has nearly sextupled in the past two years. If you view the current valuation as “pricey” (and you should), but also believe that women will continue flocking to the figure-flattering yoga purveyor, buying a put option can protect your gains (minus the cost of the put, of course).
- Options can help investors get cheaper entry prices for their stocks. Creative software specialist Adobe Systems (Nasdaq: ADBE) is, in my view, an excellent company selling at a somewhat richer-than-I'd-like price tag. Instead of setting a limit order, you could sell puts on the stock. If the stock reaches the strike price and the put is executed, the put writer's net purchase price would be lower by the amount they collected. If it doesn't, the put writer pockets the amount of money for which the put was sold.
- Options can be used to generate steady income from an underlying portfolio of blue-chip stocks. Take Wal-Mart (NYSE: WMT), the definition of a big, dominant company, but one which now suffers from the “law of large numbers” limited future growth. The Arkansas colossus has spent most of the last 12 years bouncing between $45 and $60. Long-term stock investors likely won't have much beyond a modest dividend to show for their patience. But a disciplined "buy-write" covered call strategy can enhance those anemic returns.
- Or they can be employed in an attempt to double or triple your money almost overnight. This strategy's not for the faint of heart (or perhaps strong of brain). Still, buying calls on beaten-down small caps like Under Armour (NYSE: UA) in March 2009 (it was under $13 -- look it up) would have paid off handsomely.
But no matter how options are used, it's wise to always remember Robert A. Heinlein's acronym: TANSTAAFL (There Ain't No Such Thing as a Free Lunch). Insurance costs money -- money that comes out of your potential profits. Steady income comes at the cost of limiting the prospective upside of your investment. The chance for a quick double or triple has the accompanying risk of losing the money you paid for the option.
The Foolish bottom line
Remember: Calls are the right to buy a stock, and puts are the right to sell a stock. For every buyer of an option, there's a corresponding seller. Different option users may be employing different strategies.
If you're interested in using options, it's important to know how to use them appropriately in your own portfolio. To help you do just that, come check out what Jeff and I are doing at Motley Fool Options. Simple enter your email address in the box below to receive a free copy of our "Options Playbook."
