What is the average stock market return over the last 10 years?

Over the past 10 years (through May 2026), the S&P 500 has produced an annualized total return of 15.1%. This is significantly higher than the long-term average of 9.98% that it has produced since 1928.

Is a 7% stock market return realistic?

Over the long term, a 7% average stock market return per year is realistic, if not a bit conservative. In fact, since 1928, the S&P 500 has produced an average annual total return of 9.98%. However, since 1965, the stock market has returned as much as 38% or lost as much as 37% in any given year, so keep this in mind.

What is the difference between nominal and real stock market returns?

Nominal means “in name only,” and in the context of stock market returns, refers to the actual total return a stock or index produces. A “real” return refers to the nominal return, adjusted for the effects of inflation. For example, if the S&P 500’s nominal return is 10% next year and there is 4% inflation, the index's real return would be 6%. In other words, the real return is the amount an investment returns, measured in terms of purchasing power.

What Is the Average Stock Market Return? The S&P 500's Long-Run Record

Here's what you need to know about the long-term performance of the most popular market index.

By Matthew Frankel, CFP – Updated May 23, 2026 at 2:30 AM EST | Fact-checked by Frank Bass

Key Points

S&P 500's average annual total return since 1928 is 9.98%, including dividends.
This long-term return varies by time frame and whether returns are inflation-adjusted.
Historical averages aid in long-term investment planning but don't guarantee future returns.

The S&P 500 has historically averaged about 10% per year over a multi-decade period, including dividends. However, there’s a lot more to the story. In this article, we’ll explore the average returns of the S&P 500, why the average can vary depending on the source you use, and what it means to you as an investor.

The S&P 500 has compounded at 9.98% a year since 1928

Over the long run, the average return of the S&P 500 has been 9.98% per year -- just under 10%. Specifically, this is the average return since 1928, a period that covers nearly a full century. However, there are a few things to clarify:

The 9.98% return is the CAGR (compound annual growth rate). This means that it is the long-term growth rate of an investment in the S&P 500 since 1928.
On the other hand, the arithmetic mean is 11.7% for the same period -- meaning that in the average individual year, this is the index’s total return. Mathematically, if you add the total returns for each year together and divide by the number of years, you will get the arithmetic mean.
These figures refer to total returns, which include stock price appreciation plus dividends. For example, if a stock gains 6% in a year and also pays a 3% dividend yield, its total return would be 9%.

Three reasons the “average stock market return” varies by source

If you search for the average returns of the S&P 500, you’re likely to see several different figures. And there are a few reasons why that is (and why the other sources aren’t necessarily wrong).

Long-run average vs. recent 10- and 20-year averages

First, the time period considered makes a big difference. As stated in the previous section, the S&P 500’s annualized return since 1928 has been 9.98%. As another example, from 1964 through 2025, the index produced a CAGR of 10.5%. Other multi-decade timeframes can vary slightly from these figures as well.

Nominal vs. inflation-adjusted

All the figures discussed so far have been nominal returns, which simply tell us the returns in dollar terms. However, when adjusting for the effects of inflation, the effective return of the S&P 500 would be about three percentage points lower.

Price return versus total return

Most sources consider long-term stock market returns in terms of total return -- that is, with dividends included. On the other hand, if you simply consider stock price appreciation or price return, the long-term average would be significantly lower.

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What the historical average means -- and doesn’t mean -- for investors

Let’s be clear. Just because the S&P 500 has historically returned close to 10% per year for investors doesn’t guarantee it will do so in the future, especially over shorter periods. Over the next decade, for example, the S&P 500 may deliver an average total return of 5% or 20%.

The long-term results also do nothing to project what the S&P 500 will do in any given year. In fact, over the past 60 years, the S&P 500 has generated total returns of as much as 37.6% or as little as negative 37% in any single year.

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On the other hand, the long-term averages of the S&P 500 certainly come into play when making very forward-looking investment decisions. For example, it’s completely acceptable to use the 9.98% long-term average total return when investing for retirement and calculating what your investments could be worth in the future. Just keep in mind that it isn’t a guarantee.

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S&P 500 Total Return FAQs

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About the Author

Matt Frankel, CFP®, is a contributing Motley Fool stock market analyst specializing in the real estate and financial sectors. Prior to The Motley Fool, Matt taught high school and college mathematics. He holds a bachelor’s degree in physics from the University of South Carolina, a master’s degree in mathematics from Nova Southeastern University, and a graduate certificate in financial planning from Florida State University. He won a SABEW award for coverage of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. He is also regularly interviewed by Cheddar, Globe St, The National Desk, and other TV networks and publications for his real estate, financial, stock market, and investing expertise.

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