How do you research and choose stocks?

Many online resources will give you access to information about companies and their balance sheets. But the best way to know a company is to go to its investor website and read the reports it's required to file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The reports are long, but they tell you everything you have ever wanted to know. Make sure to review several years of reports to understand how the company works and how it's been growing and changing.

Should you invest in individual stocks or ETFs?

Yes. Individual stocks and ETFs work together to build a stable, well-balanced portfolio, so load up on both. If you're unsure where to start, begin with some ETFs and branch out from there.

What investments have less risk?

All investments have some risk, but less risky investments include index funds, Treasury bonds, and certificates of deposit.

How can I build a beginner-friendly portfolio?

Beginners should invest in companies they know and understand, so it's often natural to start building your portfolio with companies in your own industry. If you'd prefer a set-it-and-forget-it beginner portfolio, start with index funds and low-risk ETFs for a solid base to build upon as you learn more about investing.

8 Investing Mistakes to Avoid

8 Common Investing Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

By Kristi Waterworth – Updated May 4, 2025 at 1:30 AM EST

Key Points

Avoid investing based on others' tips without personal research or understanding.
Select investments that align with your financial goals and understanding of the market.
Diversify your portfolio to mitigate risks, and review your investments periodically.

Investing can be a compelling way to build your retirement fund or to help build your savings for a big purchase -- but only if you avoid common investing mistakes. There can be a huge learning curve with investing, leaving beginning investors broken financially and spiritually if they jump in too hard without the right education.

Let's discuss some of the most common mistakes that trip up early investors and how they can be avoided.

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A person looks upset with their head resting in their hand. — Image source: Getty Images.

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4. Panic selling

There will be many times when the market does something you don't particularly like -- such as falling dramatically in response to geopolitical news. When this happens, it's not the time to sell if you truly understand why you own what you own.

Many beginning investors use rules of thumb that tell them they should sell at a certain percentage drop to preserve what capital they can. However, when you do this, you lose money. And if it's a stock that will bounce back (many will), you didn't do yourself any favors.

5. FOMO buying

The flipside of panic selling is fear of missing out (FOMO) buying, which is just as big a mistake. If you buy the dip without understanding why you're buying or why it's dipping, you are very likely to find yourself in a big mess at the end of the day. Just because a stock drops doesn't mean it's going to bounce back.

6. Timing the market

The stock market is often cyclical, and many investors believe they can time their buys to maximize their profits. While this would be great if it were possible, there are just too many variables that affect stock prices day to day.

Your best bet is to always buy with a long-term horizon and use dollar-cost averaging to build your position over time. This way, you gradually grow your position at many different price points, rather than relying on one buy to be THE buy that will make your fortune.

7. Lack of diversification

Although it can be easy to buy a lot of stocks in the same general industry or geographic area, the problem with this is that if your industry takes a big hit or is suddenly subject to new regulations, your entire portfolio may fail catastrophically. Choosing stocks from different industries or using other types of investments to balance your portfolio will create more stable investments.

8. Failing to review your investments periodically

You could do everything right when you choose and purchase your investments, but if you don't check in on them from time to time, you could still be making a huge mistake.

Sometimes, the company moves in a direction you might not approve of, leadership changes, or the general business environment changes. At these times, you need to consider whether you really want to keep holding that stock or if you'd be happier trading it for something else.

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Investment Thesis

Learn about what an investment thesis is and how to create one alongside a few examples of an investment thesis.

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4. Only invest money you can afford to have tied up

Sometimes, it's very tempting to invest cash you should be keeping on the sidelines for emergencies or near-term expenses, but this is a great way to set yourself up for failure. When you invest money that you really need to keep liquid, you put yourself in a position where you may have to cash out your portfolio at the worst time because you have no other options. This is not just conjecture on my part.

My dog got cancer two-and-a-half years ago, and she didn't have insurance, so I ended up selling off most of my holdings, keeping only fractional shares for tracking purposes, to pay for two years of palliative cancer care. I'd do it again in a heartbeat, but I lost a lot of money just liquidating like that instead of using the cash I had on hand to make the rest of her life comfortable and happy.

5. Review your portfolio, but not too often

It's important to keep an eye on and periodically review your investments, but it's absolutely unnecessary to check in daily, weekly, or even monthly. If you have a long-term investing horizon, you need to look at the fundamentals of your investments only when your company reports its quarterly earnings or once a year when annual reports are released.

Reviewing investments too often can spook any investor. Remember, the market as a whole moves up and to the right over a long enough timeline.

Common investing mistakes: FAQ

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About the Author

Kristi Waterworth has been a contributing real estate and financial expert at The Motley Fool, covering real estate, investing, and personal finance topics, since 2020. Kristi has been interviewed by various TV media outlets and podcasts for her real estate investing expertise – from residential real estate to digital real estate and everything in between. Kristi’s journalist career spans over 25 years, and she has written about real estate investing, homeownership, and home construction specifically for the last decade. She was also previously a licensed Realtor and general building contractor before the Great Recession and housing market collapse. She holds a bachelor’s degree in American history from Columbia College in Missouri.

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@MaldivesBlues

Kristi Waterworth has positions in UMH Properties. The Motley Fool recommends UMH Properties. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.

Figure out how much surprise you like in life and how anxious you would be if your portfolio dropped by 20% overnight. If you can honestly say you've got nerves of steel, go for the risky start-up investments. If you're like most of us, you should at least balance them with companies with long track records of success.

2. Practice emotional control

It can be hard to breathe through a down cycle in the market, but this is the time to have some faith in yourself and your choices. Panic selling and FOMO buying are easy ways to lose a lot of money very quickly. Take a measured approach when the stock market takes a dramatic turn. Buy on your schedule, regardless of the market, and don't worry too much about whether it's up or down.

3. Understand your "why"

Knowing your "why" can help you with the emotional control part and having some faith in yourself. Before you make a purchase, really know why you want it.

Investments aren't shiny new shoes that you'll likely trade out in a year -- these companies are your future income sources. If you choose a company because you think it has an innovative product that will change the narrative in its industry, stick to that when times get tough.

Keeping a diary of your purchases and your reasoning behind them (also known as your investment thesis) will remind you of the direction you're headed. Top-down investing is a very solid method of choosing stocks with your "why," starting with the strength of the industry and flowing downward through specific sectors and then companies in that sector.

8 Common Investing Mistakes and How to Avoid Them