It takes a lifetime of smart investing to build up the nest egg you need to have a financially secure retirement. Once you've successfully retired, though, it still takes clever planning to hang onto as much of your money as you possibly can.
Making the most of retirement accounts
If you're like most successful savers, you'll enter retirement with a number of different types of accounts. If you've taken advantage of traditional and Roth IRAs to help you save for retirement, they may well have built up over the years to be a sizable asset. You might also have a pretty big chunk of money in your 401(k) account at work -- or in a rollover IRA if you've moved your retirement assets out of your employer's plan since you quit working. And finally, you probably have some of your money in regular taxable accounts.
So with all your money stashed in different places, which accounts should you tap first to finance your retirement expenses? Conventional wisdom argues that you should generally spend down your taxable accounts first, then use your traditional IRAs and 401(k)s, and leave the Roth assets for last. Here's why:
- Your taxable investments consistently create more tax liability. For instance, if you own high-yielding dividend stocks like Apollo Investment (Nasdaq: AINV) or Altria Group (NYSE: MO), then you're paying taxes on the dividend income you receive year in and year out. Spending those assets down can reduce your taxable income, costing you less in taxes.
- Conversely, the longer you keep money in tax-favored accounts, the more benefit you'll get from the tax savings they bring. Since the tax-free nature of Roth IRAs makes them even more valuable than traditional tax-deferred accounts, using your Roth last can help you preserve those tax-free assets the longest.
Using that strategy to spend down your assets is a reasonable starting point. But there will be times when you want to break those rules. Here are two common situations where alternatives might leave you and your family better off.
1. Owning long-term big gainers.
The dream of every long-term investor is owning a stock that provides huge returns over time. But oddly enough, sometimes it makes sense not to reap your profits from such stocks, even if they're in a taxable account.
As an example, say you've held a portfolio with these stocks over the past 30 years:
|
Stock |
Current Share Price |
Cost per Share in 1980 |
|---|---|---|
|
ExxonMobil (NYSE: XOM) |
67.22 |
3.82 |
|
Wal-Mart (NYSE: WMT) |
53.63 |
0.12 |
|
Johnson & Johnson (NYSE: JNJ) |
64.29 |
1.45 |
|
IBM (NYSE: IBM) |
125.62 |
15.56 |
|
DuPont (NYSE: DD) |
35.20 |
5.88 |
Source: Yahoo Finance. Cost per share accounts for stock splits.
Selling those shares in a taxable account will leave you subject to paying capital gains tax on your gains. And even though they'd be long-term gains that qualify for the lower 15% maximum tax rate, that would still add up to a lot of tax.
If you pass those shares on to your heirs after you die, however, they may qualify for what's known as a stepped-up basis. That means the capital gains tax liability essentially disappears.
So if you're left with the choice of cashing in longtime stock holdings, you might instead want to pull money out of an IRA. You'll pay tax on your withdrawals, but your heirs would have also had to pay tax when they spent IRA money you left them. In some situations, the tax savings for you and your heirs makes up for the loss of tax deferral from spending down your IRA sooner than you have to.
2. Taking advantage of low taxes now.
Also, it may make sense to take money out of an IRA now -- or convert it to a Roth IRA -- if you're in a lower tax bracket than you expect to be down the road. After age 70 1/2, you have to start taking money out of traditional IRAs. Those required minimum distributions can push you into a higher bracket, costing you more in tax.
Spending down your accounts can help you reduce those latter-year RMDs, thereby reducing your tax liability. Sure, you pay a little more in tax now -- but it might be at a 10% or 15% rate, rather than a higher rate of 25% or more down the road.
Be tax smart
Many retirees have the philosophy of putting off paying tax as long as possible. Sometimes, though, a little pain now is worth a lot of gain later. Being aware of the tax implications of how you spend your retirement nest egg can help you stretch every dollar a lot further.
To have a secure retirement, you can't afford to make mistakes. Let Fool contributor John Rosevear tell you about the biggest blunder you'll ever make with your retirement money.
