Since there's no interest paid periodically, there's no effective annual yield. Instead, the return on these bonds is estimated using the bond equivalent yield. Since they're typically very short-term bonds, this is a way to approximate their annual yield if they lasted that long, allowing you to compare them to longer-term bonds.
The bond equivalent yield, then, is only a measure of the initial interest returned to the investor from the bond; the effective annual yield approximates the additional interest the interest coming from the bond could yield, if it were reinvested. Although the two sound similar, there's a world of difference.
Calculating effective annual yield
You can estimate the effective annual yield with a relatively simple formula.
Effective annual yield = [1 + (r/n)]^n - 1
In the formula:
r = nominal rate (the interest rate the bond itself is producing)
n = number of payments per year
If you have a bond that pays a 5% coupon twice yearly, you'd calculate the effective annual yield like this:
EAY = [1 + (0.05/2)]^2 - 1
EAY = [1 + (0.025)]^2 -1
EAY = (1.025)^2 -1
EAY = 1.0506 - 1
EAY = 0.0506 or 5.06%