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Ingredion Inc (INGR 0.78%)
Q4Â 2018 Earnings Conference Call
Feb. 05, 2019, 8:00 a.m. ET
Contents:
- Prepared Remarks
- Questions and Answers
- Call Participants
See all our earnings call transcripts.
Prepared Remarks:
Operator
Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Ingredion's Fourth Quarter 2018 Earnings Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. Later we will conduct a question-and-answer session, instructions will be given at that time. (Operator Instructions) As a reminder, this conference is being recorded.
I would now like to turn the conference over to your host, Heather Kos. Please go ahead.
Heather Kos -- Ingredion Incorporated -- Analyst
Good morning, good afternoon and good evening, and welcome to Ingredion's fourth quarter 2018 earnings call. Joining me on the call are Jim Zallie, our President and CEO, and Jim Gray, our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.
Our results were issued this morning in a press release that can be found on our websites ingredion.com. The slides accompanying this presentation can also be found on the website and were posted a few hours ago for your convenience.
As a reminder, our comments within this presentation may contain forward-looking statements. These statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties, Actual results could differ materially from those predicted in the forward-looking statements and Ingredion is under no obligation to update them in the future as or if circumstances change. Additional information concerning factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed during today's earnings call or in this morning's press release can be found in the Company's most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K, and subsequent reports on forms 10-Q and 8-K.
During this call, we also refer to certain non-GAAP financial measures, including adjusted earnings per share, adjusted operating income, adjusted effective tax rate and adjusted cash flow from operations, which are reconciled to US GAAP measures in Note 2 non-GAAP Information included in our press release and in today's presentation appendix.
Now, I'm pleased to turn the call over to Jim Zallie.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Thanks, Heather. And welcome to everyone joining us today. Let me start with a discussion of our fourth quarter and what was most relevant, the market dynamics in North America. As we have discussed in prior calls, we have been strategically focused on positioning our business toward the shifts in consumer preferences and a changing customer landscape.
Operating income in North America was down for the quarter, impacted by lower sweetener demand, higher supply chain costs and commodity margin pressures. In response, we continued to make progress against Cost Smart, actioning $11 million of run rate savings, exceeding our $5 million target for the year.
We successfully retained our West Coast customers having reduced our US high fructose corn syrup manufacturing footprint with the cessation of operations at our Stockton plant. And we continued to invest in our specialties growth platforms with our decision to diversify our portfolio into plant-based proteins, with the announced acquisition and retrofitting of a plant to produce P-protein and the formation of a new joint venture with Verdient produce a range of pulse-based protein ingredients. In addition, we enhanced our sugar reduction formulating capabilities by building new processing capacity in Mexico to produce the rare sugar, Allulose.
Moving outside of North America, we continued to experience the effects of foreign currency devaluations, primarily in Brazil, Argentina and Pakistan. In response to market conditions and foreign currency devaluations, we are taking a series of pricing actions to mitigate currency impacts. In addition, we continue to structurally reduce our cost base an example of which is the extension of our shared service capabilities into Latin America.
To highlight the quarter four results, Ingredion volumes were up 2%, driven by specialty growth. North America and South America operating incomes were down. Asia-Pacific operating income was up, given pricing actions to offset the extraordinary rise in tapioca costs that we've experienced throughout the year. EMEA operating income was down slightly given a lag in pricing to offset the Pakistan rupee devaluation. During the quarter, we continued to deploy cash for shareholder value creation, with nearly 4.25 million of share repurchases.
For the full year, our volumes were up 1%, driven by specialty volume growth. Our specialty portfolio grew to 29% of total net sales driven by continued demand for ingredients from our on-trend specialty growth platforms such as clean and simple ingredients, sugar reduction in specialty sweeteners and specialty texturizers.
I'm pleased that our team is finding attractive investment opportunities to further broaden our specialty ingredient portfolio. In addition to the P and pulse protein and sugar reduction investments mentioned earlier, we also announced $60 million of investments in Thailand, and China to support additional specialties growth by expanding our modified and clean label starch capabilities in tapioca, waxy corn and rice.
And we continued to deploy cash for shareholders with our fourth consecutive annual dividend increase announced in September and a total of 5.8 million of share repurchases during 2018.
Now, moving to North America, net sales were slightly down for the year. Volumes were flat driven by increases in specialties and gains in Mexico, partially offset by lower US, Canada sweetener volumes. Higher freight costs impacted price mix. Full-year operating income in North America was $545 million, down 17% from last year. As we've mentioned in prior call calls, our production costs were higher due to rebalancing of inventories and starch production across our network, as well as operational inflation. We also continued to experience the residual impact of commodity margin pressures on our business.
In South America, net sales were down for the year due to significant foreign currency devaluations. However, the team managed through multiple price increases to offset higher raw material costs, due to a smaller crop in Argentina and the impact of ForEx declines. This resulted in a 13% increase in price mix.
Full-year operating income was $99 million, up $18 million from the year ago period due to improved operational efficiencies and the lapping of the 2017 Argentina work stoppage. We continued to monitor the macroeconomic environment in Argentina and are cautiously optimistic about economic growth in Brazil. The challenging macroeconomic environment in South America, it is worth noting that for the second consecutive year our Ingredion team in Brazil was acknowledged for making our Brazilian business one of the top 150 best workplaces in the country.
In Asia-Pacific all year, our team has worked to mitigate the impact of a short tapioca crop and rapid rise of tapioca costs. For the year, the team has been able to work with customers to partially pass through our raw material cost increases. Net sales show a 9% increase for the year, driven by a 4% increase in price mix across the region. The region delivered $104 million of operating income and although down 10% versus the prior year, quarter four operating income was up 15% versus the same quarter last year.
Finally, the EMEA region delivered 5% net sales growth due to strong European specialty growth and a great effort by our Pakistan team to manage price increases to cover higher corn costs and a devaluation of the rupee. 2018 operating income was $116 million, up 2%.
Now, let me hand off to Jim Gray, who will discuss our financial performance. Jim?
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, Jim. I'll start by covering Q4's performance. Net sales of $1.426 billion were down slightly for the quarter. Gross profit margin was lower by 260 basis points, driven primarily by weaker performance in North America. Reported and adjusted operating incomes were $158 million and $177 million, respectively.
Reported operating income was lower than adjusted operating income by $19 million. The difference was due to $18 million of restructuring charges associated with our Stockton, California facility, while the balance was attributable to our Cost Smart SG&A initiatives. Our reported and adjusted earnings per share were $1.36 and $1.61, respectively.
Q4 net sales of $1.426 billion were $11 million down from the same quarter last year. Unfavorable FX of $98 million was primarily attributable to currency devaluations in Argentina, Brazil, and Pakistan. Volume increases contributed to $28 million of sales increase, as well as a $59 million increase from favorable price mix. In North America, volume was slightly up year-over-year, driven by gains in Mexico, offsetting expected lower sweetener syrup volume as we ceased operations at our Stockton facility. Price mix in North America was down given higher freight costs and commodity margin pressures.
In South America, foreign exchange devaluation was the largest driver of the year-over-year net sales decline. Volume was down 7% due to the impacts of the Argentina recession on beverage sales, and weaker brewing sales in Brazil. Price mix was up 22% as our teams took price increases to pass through higher raw material costs and recapture some of the foreign exchange impact in Argentina and Brazil.
APAC had specialty and core volume growth and price mix was up given tapioca pricing pass through. EMEA had strong volume growth, driven by specialties in Europe, and Pakistan delivered positive net sales growth driven by price increases to offset the fourth quarter rupee devaluations.
For the quarter, reported and adjusted operating income decreased $44 million and $32 million, respectively. North America operating income decreased $25 million due to higher supply chain costs, continued starch inventory rebalancing and lower sweetener volumes. South America operating income was down $5 million, driven by the impacts of the Argentina recession on net sales versus the year ago period and impacts of currency devaluation on applied hyperinflation accounting.
Asia-Pacific was up $4 million, driven primarily by higher price mix, given pricing pass through of tapioca costs and higher volumes. EMEA was down slightly due to the impacts of unfavorable Pakistan foreign exchange and higher corn costs, offset partially by favorable specialty and core volume. Corporate costs were higher by $5 million for the quarter given further investment to optimize our global processes via our Cost Smart initiatives and continued investment in R&D to drive specialties growth.
We'll wrap up the discussion of the quarter with earnings per share. On the left side of the page you can see the reconciliation from reported to adjusted. On the right side, operationally, we saw a decrease of $0.30 per share, primarily driven by a margin decline of $0.23 per share attributable to North America and partially offset by $0.07 per share in volume gains. Unfavorable foreign exchange was $0.15 per share.
Moving to our non-operational items, we saw an increase of $0.18 per share for the quarter, largely driven by favorable tax and lower average shares outstanding, partially offset by higher financing costs. Financing costs were a $0.03 per share decrease, driven by higher debt balance, as compared to a year ago period. Lower adjusted taxes contributed an $0.11 per share benefit, primarily driven by US tax reform. Shares outstanding contributed a benefit of $0.10 a share.
For the full year, the Company delivered $5.841 billion of net sales, which was up slightly from 2017. Reported and adjusted operating incomes were $703 million and $767 million, respectively. Reported operating income was lower than adjusted operating income by $64 million. The difference was due to $49 million of restructuring charges associated with our Stockton, California facility, $11 million of charges associated with Cost Smart SG&A initiatives, and $4 million of other restructuring costs. Our reported and adjusted earnings per share were $6.17 and $6.92, respectively.
As we look more closely at net sales by region, you can see unfavorable foreign exchange, which totaled $198 million for the year, affected most prominently in South America led by the Argentine peso and Brazilian real devaluations. Volume growth for the year was positive $76 million. Volumes were up in Asia-Pacific and EMEA. In North America volume was flat, with increases in Mexico and specialty ingredients, offset by lower US-Canada sweetener volumes.
In total, the price mix increase was $131 million, up 2%. Price mix was down slightly in North America due to higher freight costs and lower commodity values. In other regions price mix was up due to pass through of raw material costs and FX. Full year reported and adjusted operating income decreased $133 million and $111 million, respectively. North America operating income decreased $109 million due to higher supply chain costs, continued starch inventory rebalancing, lower sweetener volumes and commodity margin pressures.
South America operating income was up $18 million, driven by our more competitive cost structure in Brazil due to operational excellence initiatives and in Argentina due to our new labor agreement and organizational restructuring. Asia-Pacific was down $11 million, driven by higher tapioca costs. EMEA was up $2 million, with specialty and core volume growth more than offsetting foreign exchange headwinds in Pakistan. Corporate costs were higher by $11 million given the same reasons impacting the quarter.
Moving to earnings per share, operationally, we saw a decrease of $1.08 per share. Challenges in North America costs and higher tapioca costs in Asia were primary contributors to a margin decline of $1.15 per share. Volume increases contributed $0.34 to help offset the decline. Unfavorable foreign exchange of $0.29, primarily in the second half of the year, was driven by currency weakness in EMEA and South America.
Moving to our non-operational items, we saw an increase of $0.30 per share for the year, largely driven by a lower tax rate and reduced shares outstanding. Adjusted taxes were a $0.27 per share benefit driven by the impact of the revaluation of the Mexican peso and the US dollar denominated balances in Mexico, a reduced valuation allowance on the net deferred tax assets of a foreign subsidiary and US tax reform. While shares outstanding contributed a benefit of $0.16 a share, these benefits were partially offset by higher financing costs of $0.12 per share, which includes the impacts of Argentina's hyperinflation accounting and a higher debt balance.
2018 cash provided by operations was $703 million. This was lower than expected due to a decision to curtail use of customer financing programs, primarily in Mexico given the rising costs of these programs due to higher short-term interest rates. Capital expenditures of $349 million were up $43 million year-over-year driven by capacity expansions for our specialties growth platforms that support plant-based proteins and sugar reduction. Finally, the Board supported significant share repurchase programs in 2018 amounting to $657 million of expenditures.
Turning to our outlook, we anticipate 2019 adjusted earnings per share in the range of $6.80 to $7.50. This excludes acquisition-related integration and restructuring costs, as well as any potential impairment costs. We are expecting a flat to slightly up adjusted operating income for the year, primarily due to our expectation that North America operating profit will be flat year-over-year. Although we are benefiting from approximately $20 million of one-time cost impacts in 2018, we are expecting modest margin compression that can be explained by the following two circumstances coming together.
First, the impact of US and China trade negotiations on soybean supply and inventories in the US is having a secondary impact on the cost of corn to us. We sell corn byproducts which somewhat compete with soy meal protein and oil. These values have been down since the first half of 2018. In effect, this raises our cost of corn, because we do not realize as much value from the sale of our corn byproducts. To remind you, co-product sales are approximately 14% of our net sales.
Second, late in the contracting season we experienced competition for sweetener syrup volume and pricing gains were not enough to sufficiently offset the higher net cost of corn and inflation expected in 2019. We are pleased with the retention of our West Coast customer volumes as we transitioned service to other facilities in our network and we expect our utilization rates to be significantly higher in 2019. Although these circumstances are impacting our 2019 North America profit growth expectations, we believe our operating model still offers the opportunity for long-run margin growth as we move more toward a greater weighting of specialty ingredients.
We anticipate that the impact of foreign exchange will be negative for 2019. And we expect significant negative currency of $25 million to $35 million during the first half of the year relative to the prior year. We expect operating expenses, including corporate expenses, to be up year-over-year as we invest in global business process optimization and innovation to drive both cost savings and increased customer intimacy and growth.
We expect financing costs for the year to be in the range of $82 million to $87 million, due to higher interest rates on our floating rate debt and higher debt balance. Our adjusted effective annual tax rate is expected to be between 26% and 27.5%. We expect total diluted weighted average shares outstanding to be in the range of 68 million to 69 million for the year considering the impact of the accelerated share repurchase agreement. Lastly, we anticipate cumulative Cost Smart run rate savings of $24 million to $34 million by the end of 2019 against wage inflation of 2.5% to 3%.
In North America, we expect net sales and volumes to be down. For the full year, we expect operating income to be flat to 2018, with the first half down due to the lapping of net corn costs, and the second half to be up, as we lap more of the one-time impacts from 2018.
In regards to 2019 sweetener contracting, we were pleased with our volume retention, especially in light of our decision to stop production at Stockton. However, sweetener pricing gains were not enough to sufficiently offset the higher expected net cost of corn and inflation, which we anticipate will create slight margin pressure in our sweetener business. We are pleased with the results of our starch pricing and contracting negotiations. South American net sales are expect to be up versus the prior year. Volumes are expected to be down given Argentina economic headwinds and the impact on sweetener syrup sales.
Given the anticipated rapid pace and magnitude of FX devaluations, we expect our business model requires the first half to recover. So we anticipate operating income growth to be back-half loaded. In addition, we anticipate positive economic growth for Brazil. We remain watchful of economic reforms, inflation and impact on the upcoming election in Argentina. We continue to focus on business performance improvement and expect operating income improvement in the region.
Asia-Pacific net sales are expected to be up and operating income is expected to be up modestly. We expect weaker operating income in the first half with a stronger second half. In EMEA, we expect net sales to be up. We anticipate strong specialties performance in Europe and core growth in Pakistan. Although we expect modest operating income growth, we anticipate currency and raw material cost overlaps in Pakistan will lead to a weaker first half versus the second half.
We expect cash from operations in 2019 to be in the range of $650 million to $700 million. We expect to invest between $330 million and $360 million in capital expenditures around the world to support growth, as well as cost and process improvements. Importantly, we remain committed to returning capital to shareholders.
That brings my comments to a close. Now, back to Jim.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Thanks, Jim. In closing, our leadership team remains focused on navigating a challenging macroeconomic environment impacting our core businesses in North America and Argentina. We are committed to driving operational improvements throughout our business and structurally lowering costs.
Equally, we are energized by our commercial excellence initiative to grow, co-create and win with customers. We are excited by the prospects of our recent specialties growth platform investments, which will provide new ingredients and formulating capabilities to deliver consumer preferred innovation to our customers.
We are pleased to announce that we recently have been once again named to Fortune's Most Admired Companies list for the 10th consecutive year. We will be presenting at Consumer Analyst Group of New York on February 19th, and I will discuss in greater detail our new specialty strategy, which includes five new specialty growth platforms, which are sharply aligned with consumer trends. And lastly, as we have recently demonstrated, we will continue to use our strong balance sheet to invest in specialties growth opportunities and pursue M&A. We remain committed to delivering long-term shareholder value.
And now, let's open the call for questions.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
(Operating Instructions) Your first question comes from the line of Robert Moskow from Credit Suisse. Please go ahead.
Robert Moskow -- Ingredion Incorporated -- Analyst
Hi. Thank you. Hi, Jim and Jim.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Hi, Rob.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Hi, Rob.
Robert Moskow -- Ingredion Incorporated -- Analyst
I was hoping you could help me understand the price negotiations for North America this year. You said that you expect profits to be down in sweeteners. But that you were pleased with the negotiations on starch. To what extent are you able to still swing capacity from one to the other? And I guess in the past, I have heard you talk about that as a lever you can pull if you're having trouble getting pricing or if there's too much volume in the market in one of the other and then I had a follow up.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah, I mean, I would just repeat that for sweeteners contracting, basically, we accomplished everything we wanted to accomplish in relationship to the Stockton closure and maintaining our West Coast customers. So there was no loss of share that we did not plan for. As it relates to how contracting went and pricing went toward the back end of contracting, there seemed to be more competitive intensity for volume and therefore, pricing and margin compression occurred and that's why we're indicating there's a little bit of margin compression in relationship to sweeteners. We were pleased, however, with the starch pricing and the contracting negotiations.
The sweetener network for us this upcoming year is going to be operating at full capacity and our starch production and inventory rebalancings are going on throughout the year and will steadily improve throughout the year. So that's basically how I would explain it Rob.
Yeah. Rob, I mean I'd add that while a lot of our infrastructure investment is around the corn receiving, and the steepening and the wet mill. We always are thinking about finishing lines and CapEx that can allow us to toggle between what we do with the slurry that comes off of the starch grind. That transition takes more planning and I would say, the horizon on that is kind of multiple year. So that's been a journey that we have be on as we think about, which plants and then which finishing lines we would like to toggle more toward our starch and/or our specialty production.
I think a good example of that is, we added some capacity for the rare sugar, Allulose lows at one of our Mexico facilities. In order to make Allulose, we are actually toggling on high fructose. So we use high-fructose, we refine that down and down into a process what you derive out is the rare sugar, Allulose.
Robert Moskow -- Ingredion Incorporated -- Analyst
Okay. And I guess my, follow up here is, you talked a lot about improving the mix through specialty starches and more capital being headed in that direction. Can you give us a sense of whether your profits in specialty starches were up or down this year? I know the percentage of your sales is up, but I guess, I'm unclear on whether just moving in the specialty direction has -- whether the margin structure in that part of the business has held up and what your outlook is for 2019?
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Sure. Rob, I'll take that question. Overall, just to start, our specialties are about 29% of our net sales. They sell at higher average price points per ton than the remainder of the business and whether it's the gross profit margin levels are much higher than the remainder of our business. From year-to-year, as we target mid single-to-high to single digit net sales growth in our specialty portfolio, we are seeing that corresponding type of gross profit growth.
I think in '18, In particular, really within US-Canada, the co-product values pressures that we saw do impact specialties as well as our core sweetener and industrial starch business, but nonetheless I still think year-over-year, we saw growth in our overall profit pool of specialties, particularly in some markets where we're really seeing some strong specialty growth outside of US-Canada, is where we really, really see some acceleration of that portfolio.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Yeah. And I would just add that the price points have held, and in fact, obviously, we've been able to get the pricing up in tapioca related to the increases in raw material costs.
Robert Moskow -- Ingredion Incorporated -- Analyst
Okay. Thank you very much.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Thanks, Rob.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thank you.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of David Driscoll from Citi. Please go ahead.
David Driscoll -- Citi -- Analyst
Thank you and good morning, everyone.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Hey, David.
David Driscoll -- Citi -- Analyst
I wanted to come back to some of the points that Rob was raising and try it maybe slightly different. So, it looks to me like your North American operations in 2018, profits were down more than $100 million. However, your volumes for the full year were not, they were flat, you closed Stockton. So, this frame it for me guys. Why does it feel when you say that you're not getting the pricing that you expected, like why aren't you? It doesn't look like utilization rates would be down. I think you said you're running at full capacity, that normally would have correlated with the stronger ability or a better ability to get pricing. That's not happening, so there is some kind of disconnect and I was hoping you could maybe explain why and if, somewhere in that answer you could kind of tell me where you think industry utilization rates are that would also be helpful? And then a follow-up if I can?
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
I'm going to let Jim take a shot at that and then I'll add some commentary. Okay.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
I think David, when we summarized North American roll it up, we do kind of break apart into two big businesses underlying Mexico. So, Mexico was seeing some volume growth. I also think that within US-Canada, we were seeing growth in necessarily in our food starches. Where we faced the headwind, was really in our sweetener volume portfolio, primarily US-Canada, and that was from 2017 into 2018. As we alluded to on calls, we really did see some unique challenges in high fructose into beverages and that business was down two times what we've seen our historical rate to be.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Yeah. The industry data, David, and I'm sure you're aware of this, is showing that for 2018 the rate of decline of HFCS has been now 2X the rate for say the previous five to 10 years. So there is absolutely a step down, or increase in the rate of decline of HFCS and we felt the effects of that in 2018.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
So then, as we moved to ceasing operations at Stockton in November, we're seeing some purposeful shed of sweetener volume, high fructose volume there at the last couple of months of the year. As we move into '19, we expect that sweetener volumes to be down '19 versus ' 18. What really occurred. I think, at the end of the year, David, was that, we're moving the remainder of that West Coast volume back into our existing plants and in US-Canada, we're taking that utilization rate up significantly as we head into '19. So that should help us with fixed cost absorption versus our sweetener overall in kind of our core plants. Does that answer some of your questions hopefully?
David Driscoll -- Citi -- Analyst
It does. Just two quick follow-ups. One, I think that you've tried so hard in 2018 to recover some of this freight pricing and I want to say that, that looks only to be marginally successful, but would like to hear your opinion on your ability in '18 to go back to customers and recover some of that freight inflation. And then, my final question would just be, we hear reports that there are significant unrest within the Mexican sugar industry and calls for some kind of punitive action taken against US high fructose corn syrup. Could you just bring us up to speed and is there any risk to the high fructose operations either in Mexico or the US-Mexican trade on high fructose given some of the disruption that's been going on in the Mexican sugar industry? Thank you.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Okay. I'll take the last question and then I'll come back to the freight. I am not aware of any acute near-term issues that are going to be problematic in relationship to the HFCS with Mexico. So we will look into that. And we will certainly get back to you, but I'm not aware of anything that's imminent in that regard.
As it relates to freight, the freight inflation that we faced in the first quarter of last year, we made significant progress against tightening up terms with customers and being able to pass through freight increases. And then, we've obviously seen some moderation of those rate increases throughout the rest of the year. So we feel actually very good that we've been able to mitigate a large portion, the majority portion of the freight increase that we absorbed in '18 and will benefit to some degree going into 2019, especially as it relates to dry van, which you remember was the freight increase that impacted our starch shipments in the first quarter of 2018. And so that will be mitigated and improved situation as we go into 2019.
David Driscoll -- Citi -- Analyst
Thank you very much. I'll pass it along.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Thank you. David.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thanks, David.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Ken Zaslow from Bank of Montreal. Please go ahead.'
Ken Zaslow -- BMO -- Analyst
Good morning, everyone.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Hi, Ken.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Hi, Ken.
Ken Zaslow -- BMO -- Analyst
Just one high level question. You continue to talk about the commodity exposures and stuff like that, but the question I have is, at what level of ingredient business when you get to the mix will the impact of commodity not be a source of ups and downs of profitability or would be mitigated, how do you think about that ?
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Well, I think as we've talked to in terms of our specialty strategy, with specialties representing about 29% of our net sales today, as we look forward over the three to five years and continue to make investments to add to our portfolio, I think, when we get to the mid-30s as a percent of net sales for specialties that the profit contribution from that is a bigger part of our profit pool. And because of the differentiation of our products and as long as it's coupled with continuing to have great customer service, I think we'll be insulated a bit more from some of the ups and downs that occur in our core business.
How we sell our specialties and how our customers order is kind of a different process than necessarily the day-to-day, week-to-week ordering of what you see in a sweetener syrup business.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Yeah. I just would add to that that, what we've experienced in 2018 and what we anticipate in 2019, is obviously clearly a more challenged operating environment. And there have been some significant impacts that we've talked about in relationship to commodity margin pressures related to ethanol crush margins being at very, very low levels and the net corn costs that have increased related to co-product revenues just related to this China-US trade dispute. Very unique situations that we have just not seen before that have impacted us to the order of magnitude in our core business. So, all that being said, we've systematically stayed very, very focused and strategic in relationship to our specialties investments and growth and we are very excited by the prospects of those.
And again we'll be talking more about that at CAGNY, from a standpoint of the growth rates associated with all of those platforms and the impact that those will be having over time that will then mitigate any kind of earnings volatility. But what I would say is. In 2018, what we saw was extraordinary in relationship to the order of magnitude of the impact to our core business related to some of those factors that I was talking about related to commodity margin pressures. So I anticipate going forward, we'll see less of impact in that regard because of the contribution coming from the specialties investments that we're making.
Ken Zaslow -- BMO -- Analyst
So my follow-up questions is, one, you did say that your gross profit is significantly higher, but you didn't talk about operating profit, which quite honestly is probably more important. And then the second question part of that is, when you think about the earnings from the front half to the back half of the year, is that a normalization of this environment or is this just -- and is that kind of like where you're going to be in terms of growth into 2012 as well or is this just saying, hey, it's just easy comps and that's just how this squishy year votes? So those are my two finals. Thanks.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Do you want to take the back versus the front half on the phasing.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. Hey, Ken. I do think that did that, as you think about '19, really some of what we saw in the first half was -- first half of '18 was favorable net cost of corn, in particular protein meal was pretty high and favorable. As we went into the second half of '18 and you started to see the headwinds against soy and then candidly the soy crush margins were so attractive that you just had a lot of soy oil and lot soy meal coming off and that started to depress corn meal protein and corn oil prices and we really felt that in the second half of '18. So we're going to have that continuing as a lap into the first half of '19. So I think we just have to get that through and then, we'll see -- and that broadly impacts kind of all of the business within the US- Canada. And then, you'll see more of the normal drivers, I think, that we have behind the business and that are more in our control as we move into the second half of the '19. So --
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Right. And ForEx also. We're going to see significant ForEx headwinds continuing in the first half versus the second half. So there are those two issues. And just to a modest degree in Asia Pacific, even, we're going to be lapping lower corn prices in the first half in Korea, for example. So there is, this first half versus second half phasing issue that we anticipate related to the net corn costs squeeze or the co-products squeeze that we have highlighted, which we feel is a unique circumstance that's manifested itself in 2018; ForEx, which will remain a headwind in the first half; and then, even in some of the other regions there is some unique impacts there that are phasing related to first half-second half.
Ken Zaslow -- BMO -- Analyst
So it's more of a comp issue, not a return to growth algorithm,
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
That's correct.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
I think it's a comp issue. Yeah.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Yes.
Okay. For the specialty products.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. So Ken, I think, I was trying to understand exactly your difference between gross profit and op income question.
Ken Zaslow -- BMO -- Analyst
You just said that the gross profit -- I think your comment was, I don't have it written down. I write sloppy unfortunately, The gross profit was -- is higher -- your gross profit for specialty is higher than that and I think you gave a number of some sort -- is higher than that of your base business, but you didn't translate that down to operating profit level, which I think is more telling if that's OK.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. I would think that our -- generally, we have not really commented on the differences in op income between specialty or the remainder of the portfolio. That said, when we think about our operating expense, which is both -- which obviously includes sales as well as R&D, support, generally that was pretty in line with what we thought our overall inflation would be. So that would have -- there wasn't anything that was unusual that would imply that there was greater SG&A investment, I think, against our specialty business versus the other lines of business in the portfolio.
Ken Zaslow -- BMO -- Analyst
Thank you.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Okay. Thank you, Ken.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Akshay Jagdale from Jefferies. Please go ahead.
Akshay Jagdale -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Hi. Good morning. So just wanted to follow-up, just clarification on the gross profit commentary on specialty. So, you said gross profit for specialty was actually up, but just as a point of clarification, that excludes the impact of co-product credits correct? Like --
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
No.
Akshay Jagdale -- Jefferies -- Analyst
No. So your reported gross profit for specialty was up in 2018 despite the co-product headwinds the production cost issues and whatever else, correct? So overall gross profit in specialty was up.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. I think, Akshay, we're mixing kind of scope here. Specifically, when we're asked the overall specialty business, we characterize as higher net sales growth, higher price points and higher gross profit margins. Generally that business, overall, globally, was still healthy. Okay. Specifically, when we talk about comments upon co-product values and the headwinds there, that's kind of a US-Canada specific issue. And so I just want to make sure that we're separating out the issues.
I would say that we still -- overall, we're pleased with the way our specialty business performed in North America. I mean there were there. I think there were the challenges of co-product values against all of the business in US-Canada, but we're still pleased with how specialties has performed.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
I think that's where I think that's where the confusion occurred is, the comment was that we did also experience some impact related to the co-product revenue squeeze that would impact the specialties business as well. But overall, we're very pleased with the performance of the specialties business and the specialties' profitability.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah.
Akshay Jagdale -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Okay. And just going to the co-product issue, I think last quarter you gave us a nice earnings bridge, about $100 million drag. Was the co-product issue -- was that included in the $40 million from freight, manufacturing and efficiencies in commodity margins or is this a different bucket now? And can you, can you just help us quantify that impact and maybe give us a sense of like can that move around if co-product credits increase from here?
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. I think when we addressed on the Q3 call and we laid out the various drivers, we did call out I think a bucket, which was freight and EMEA inflation and commodity pricing pressures, which had increased from our $40 million estimate that we had previously communicated. I'd say that's about $45 million and that's really just the step up in the co-products value decrease that we were experiencing here. But generally, given what we had talked to in Q3, the drivers were very, very played out as we were trying to outline at that time.
Akshay Jagdale -- Jefferies -- Analyst
And so just related to that, so can you help us understand what the -- if you were to do a bridge for next -- for '19, you mentioned two major headwinds, one was the co-product credit hitting you guys and then the other was in your sweetener business margins being compressed. Can you give us some ballpark on those two? And I mean on the co-product side, it's kind of out of your hands, it's supply/demand, right, but that can -- am I right in understanding that if spot prices move up there, that will flow through your P&L?
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Yeah. On that last point, yes. And that's one of the reasons why we have set guidance where we did, with such a wide range, if you want to call it that, because of that exact fact. But I'm going to let Jim answer the question that you asked.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
And Akshay, I think, maybe to help everybody on the call, against our North America business, what we really see is, Mexico modestly up. I think if you look at the US-Canada business, we would expect our food starch business to be up. It's going to benefit a bit from what we would see in specialty top line growth, as well as we continue to work through our starch rebalancing and our production issues. Those will play out all throughout '19 as we've talked to before and we hope to be in a better position as we start into 2020.
Against the sweetener and industrial business, you would have expected a step up as we lap the one-time impacted of the Argos shutdown as well as some the operational efficiencies. And what we've really seen is that, combined with a relatively tight pricing market, but the impact as well of lower co-product values on our overall gross cost of our corn, we're actually seeing that business modestly down for the year. So those two kind of come together. They necessarily offset and that's why we're seeing kind of a flat operating income expectation for North America.
I would say as well is that we are really just carrying forward an expectation that ethanol crush margins remain low. Again, it's not a big part of our business. It was something that was unexpected in 2018 as an impact, but right now as we look forward to 2019, within our guidance, we see that as relatively kind of staying the same. To your point, are there upsides if either ethanol crush margins move up or if we see some of the co-product values start to increase? I think that that would benefit our overall business within North America, but that's not currently necessarily in our guidance.
Akshay Jagdale -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Got it. And just one last one, more on the specialty business long-term, right. So obviously, there's been a lot of noise operationally in the core business and margins have come down for the Company. But in the background, it seems like you're investing pretty heavily on specialty. So can you just give us a perspective on that? And like what does that mean, I mean should we expect you to increase at some point your long-term guidance on growth for that business, is that something we should expect down the road as a function of all the investments you're making? Thank you.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Yeah. Well, I mean, thank you for highlighting the investments that we've made in specialty capacity increases, specifically in China, Korea, the US and Mexico. And again, we're very excited. We went through a strategic review in 2018 o our specialty strategy to refine it and that's led to five growth platforms that have us very clearly focused on the future investments that we will be making. We will be sharing this at CAGNY. And again, those we anticipate will have above-market growth rates associated with them, with headroom for growth in each one of those.
And again, we'll be weaving all of that into our both, say, near or mid-term outlook for profitability, as well as a longer-term outlook for profitability. And that's what we intend to talk about at CAGNY. And it will be greatly emphasized around specialties. And then, obviously, balanced by taking into account what we're experiencing these last two years, last year and this year, and taking a read on that environment that's impacting our core business, if that helps Akshay.
Akshay Jagdale -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Thank you. I'll pass on. That does help.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Heather Jones from The Vertical Group. Please go ahead.
Heather Jones -- The Vertical Group -- Analyst
Good morning.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Good morning, Heather.
Heather Kos -- Ingredion Incorporated -- Analyst
Thank you. I have just a detailed question first, reading the language in the press release, I just wanted to clarify, so it sounds like the ASR, you all expect that to be complete pretty soon?
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
That's correct. Yeah,
Heather Jones -- The Vertical Group -- Analyst
Okay. Then moving on to your operations, I guess, first, I was wondering if you could share with us your view of what's driven the acceleration? You mentioned that the decline in sweetener volumes for the US industry in general is two times the previous five or six years. Wondering if you could share your view of what's driving that acceleration/
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
I think, it's what we're all seeing in relationship to the concerns with sugar intake in general. I think it's not just against HFCS. I think also sugar itself is being formulated out of many products, but it's consumer preferences really that I think are driving a lot of that demand, the move toward smaller can sizes, I guess, for full calorie products from a standpoint of caloric intake and just a lot of the consumer trends that are driving government behavior, et cetera. If you look in -- certainly in Argentina, what we have experienced was just related purely we believe to macroeconomic demand destruction related to high inflation and consumers just getting squeezed. In North America, it's more trend related, consumer trend related.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
I would say, also just add, I think tactically, for 2018, there were some impacts on costs to the beverage manufacturers. We suspected that we would see some higher prices at retail. And I think if you look at the scans(ph)data for the second half of the year, whether it's IRI or Nielsen, generally full calorie soda unit prices were up and I think that that led to a bit of volume headwinds in terms of consumption, and obviously that leads to a bit of a volume challenge for us in our shipments of HF 55 into our beverage customers.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
That was something actually then I think Jim had signaled in quarter two that was likely to happen related to aluminum prices going up and related to PET prices going up and the beverage manufacturers putting through price increases, and there certainly was a contributing factor to that.
Heather Jones -- The Vertical Group -- Analyst
And that makes sense. So following that logic, is it fair to assume then a sharp fall in acceleration, not just from prior years, but an acceleration in the decline as 2018 progressed into 2019?
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. I think what you saw was that during more of the summer months in '18 was when that change manifest itself and so that plays out in Q4 for us. There will be a little bit of that lap as you go into the first half of '19, but then it will be back into kind of whatever the normal year might be for how the beverage customers see the marketplace in 2019.
Heather Jones -- The Vertical Group -- Analyst
And you mentioned as far as Stockton and the closure of that facility, that you kept the volume you were intending to keep, but that your volumes in North America would be down. Do you have an estimate of what sweetener sales will be on a pro forma basis for that closure as a percentage of North American sales?
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. I think we do. I mean it was generally when we looked at that facility, and I won't give you specifics, but we looked at that facility, I think we were intending to shed probably less than about 20% of the volume at that facility and we were anticipating keeping about 80% that we could see that we could reasonably serve and source from other plants within our network.
Heather Jones -- The Vertical Group -- Analyst
Okay. And then my final question is on your projections for '19, was wondering if you could share with us what your assumption is as far as the whole the Brexit issue? I know it's not a huge proportion of your sales, but it seems like it could have an impact on Europe. And I'm just wondering if you -- what your assumptions are there?
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
I'll take a shot and then I'll let Jim finish it up, I think, obviously, if there is a hard Brexit or Brexit with no resolution, which will be the worst-case scenario, it's more the impacts to the overall EU and the UK, which could be problematic. If there is a soft Brexit, with what's on the table now or some sort of resolution, we don't really think the results of that are going to be material to our business really. Jim?
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. The two tactical things that we want to plan for is that if there is anything on a hard Brexit and all of a suddenly there is new customs borders that are formed, we want to make sure that we have inventory in the right place, so then any of our food customers don't face any immediate outages. And then, second, we have to deal with whatever the imposed tariff levels would be. And at some point, whether or not immediate or over a course of a year to year-and-a-half, those tariffs are going to play a role in increase cost of manufacture, and eventually those will play through to a consumer at a shopping or a restaurant. And that should actually create a bit of a headwind in terms of some volume decrease. So really those two things we really kind of anticipate would be how that might move forward, but it all depends upon the suddenness or the gradualness of how Brexit plays out
Heather Jones -- The Vertical Group -- Analyst
And my final question hopefully is a quick one, but I know you guys don't really do brewing in the US, but I question does have implications for the broader industry and thus you guys. This push to get away from corn derivatives and brewing and move toward more authentic, 100% barley, is that just headlines at present, or are you seeing in the broader industry a trend toward that that could affect the supply/demand balance in the US over '19-'20?
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
So we weren't seeing that in the US and I think we know why you're asking that question.
Heather Jones -- The Vertical Group -- Analyst
Yeah.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
But in relationship to our business, the majority of our sales into brewing is in Mexico, as well as in South America and less so in the United States. But, Jim, do you want to make some additional comments.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Well, I just think that the choice of the adjunct that the brewer uses is also very much a cost and a yield and a capacity throughput issue, right. So, there is trade-offs that our customers make, but to Jim's point, mostly our business is primarily Mexico as well as since in South America.
Heather Jones -- The Vertical Group -- Analyst
But for the end for the US industry, which would impact overall supply/demand and you're not seeing a big shift in the overall industry so far in the US?
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
No. I don't think so. I think the industry is battling itself for share and they're looking for opportunities to create point of differentiation.
Heather Jones -- The Vertical Group -- Analyst
Okay, perfect. Thank you so much.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Thank you.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Adam Samuelson from Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead.
Adam Samuelson -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Yes. Thanks. Good morning, everyone. A lot of ground has been covered, so hopefully I will keep this brief. Just first on the cash flow, and you made some comments in the prepared remarks about changing customer financing in Mexico, but it came in notably below where you guys were three months ago, and it was both on the one-time tax refund, as well as the continuing ops. And just little bit more color on how those two dynamics played out and what actually happened there?
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah. I think with regard to really the working capital, Adam, I think that was probably more of the major change that we were expecting. You know what, as we saw as the year played out, both in North America, to a lesser extent in South America, we have various programs, where you can discount an invoice and sell it to an intermediary. As you saw, short-term rates starting to climb significantly as you look at maybe a three-month or six-month LIBOR, it just became evident that in the second half of the year, it made more sense to reduce or halt the sale of any of those discounted invoices, and just hold onto it and then collect the revenues directly from the customer. So that has an impact on your accounts receivable balance as it grows. It also allows us to be a bit more in control of our accounts receivable and then we can use other means of short-term financing where we think we can get a better overall cost and balance. So you will see the impact in your net working capital, but we might find that there's other short-term debt opportunities that are actually quite more affordable for the Company to go access.
And then, your comment on the tax flows, those two play back and forth in terms of as we are looking at both settlement in terms of our US and Canada reviews and appeals that we've had in place and those have played out, and then, also as we look forward to really getting clarity on the impact of guilty and FDDI -- or FDII on our overall credits for taxes. So we can talk more offline on that. But --
Adam Samuelson -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Okay. That's helpful. Two other quick ones. On North America, just contracting the comments or the we getting later in the contracting season, is that -- do you think that was, is more a function of the sweetener demand side -- the weakness accelerating and that becoming more evident to your competitors? Or do you think it was a factor of ethanol margins being pretty lousy and some of the competitors having ethanol wet mill capacity that they can switch over to HFCS, both or other factors?
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Yeah. I mean, we don't really know what drove competitive actions. I think both of what you've just described are plausible explanations for what drove that behavior.
Adam Samuelson -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Okay. And then, last one, just going back to, I think, it was Heather's question about the use of corn derivatives in the beer industry. You talked about Mexico, but Brazil, I mean is it -- are you seeing that pressure in Brazil? I know that's an important market for you and some of your bigger customers I think are facing some pressure there as you're seeing kind of the value segment of that market and malt-only beers grow, Is that something that's more evidenced in your volume data that -- and just talk about that?
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
I would say that if there is a trend that starts to manifest itself in the United States, should something manifest itself in the United States, we're obviously going to be very watchful of where that may carry over, but as of right now, there's nothing material that's impacting our business related to that, where some of this new noise or marketing positioning that's taking place that we saw on Sunday last week.
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Yeah.
Adam Samuelson -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Yeah. I wasn't talking about the Super Bowl specifically, I was more just in Brazil, I mean, the value segment of the market and malt-only is growing a lot faster than the mainstream and I thought my understanding was it was the mainstream that uses maltose?
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
What I would say is that, we are very in tune to all the trends that are developing in Brazil, because we do supply to the brewing industry in Brazil, and anything that we would be -- anything that would be happening, we would also be working with those customers from an innovation standpoint as well. So -- but nothing that's right now any kind of a problem for us that we want to surface, but we're working with those customers to evaluate trends as they develop, and also work with them from a standpoint of innovation on adjuncts that they may need for the future.
Adam Samuelson -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Okay. All right. That's -- I appreciate the color. Excellent. Thanks.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Thank you.
Operator
And at this time there are no further questions.
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
All right. And then I would just like to conclude by thanking everyone for their time today, and hope to see many of you in February at the CAGNY conference.
Operator
Ladies and gentlemen, that does conclude your conference for today. Thank you for your participation and for using AT&T Executive Teleconference. You may now disconnect.
Duration: 66 minutes
Call participants:
Heather Kos -- Ingredion Incorporated -- Analyst
James P. Zallie -- President and Chief Executive Officer, and Director
James D. Gray -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Robert Moskow -- Ingredion Incorporated -- Analyst
David Driscoll -- Citi -- Analyst
Ken Zaslow -- BMO -- Analyst
Akshay Jagdale -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Heather Jones -- The Vertical Group -- Analyst
Adam Samuelson -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
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