Some of you may have heard the phrase "buy the dips" at some point in your personal or working life, or somewhere in your investment education.
Here you'll learn what "buying the dip" means, how the strategy works, and how to manage risks associated with the technique.
What it means
What does buying the dip mean?
"Buying the dip" is another way to say purchasing a stock or an index after it's fallen in value. As the stock's price "dips," it may present an opportunity to pick up shares at a discount and enhance your future gains if and when the stock rebounds to its previous high (or more).
Buying the dip is usually done in reaction to short-term price movements, and isn't usually a strategy associated with long-term investing. If you've decided to buy shares solely based on a recent decrease in stock price, you're engaging in a form of market timing.
Does the size of "the dip" matter? Unless you've specifically laid out in advance the price drop that would cause you to purchase more stock, it's difficult to define a "dip size" that's universally applicable. This is another reason why trying to buy the dip is a questionable investing strategy for long-term investors.
Generally, the larger the dip, the more you stand to gain if the stock returns to its previous levels. However, a stock that's experienced an unusually large drop in price may have experienced a shift in its underlying fundamentals. It may never return to its high.
The strategy
How does the buy-the-dip strategy work?
Buying the dips, in practice, involves holding a portion of cash or lower-risk liquid assets out of the market and waiting for market prices to fall. "Prices" in this context means the market values of stocks, bonds, index funds, or even cryptocurrencies.
Once prices have fallen -- for whatever asset you're tracking -- you take all or some of the cash you've been holding and purchase more of the asset. This lowers your overall average cost and can enhance your returns, assuming you hold the asset long enough and higher valuations prevail over time.
As an example, take a look at the stock chart for the Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO -0.17%) over the past 36 months:
If you had kept sufficient cash on the sidelines for the months or years leading up to the major dip in March 2020, you could have deployed your money to purchase ultra-cheap shares of Vanguard's S&P 500 ETF when the crash finally came.
No doubt you would have lowered your average cost basis for the ETF and would have enjoyed supercharged returns up to and through today's current market highs. But this isn't as easy in practice as it seems in hindsight.
Remember that when you look at a stock chart, you're looking at previous performance. Once it's already happened, it all seems obvious. The difficult part is predicting dips before they happen, knowing how far the dip will ultimately go, and then having enough confidence in the asset to believe it will return to its previous highs. Some good fortune doesn't hurt either!
With cryptocurrency, the game is a bit different. Some people are hesitant to deploy large amounts of capital into digital assets, and for good reason. These are emerging technologies with no underlying fundamentals, cash flow, or valuation metrics, so it's truly difficult to know the difference between a dip or a semi-permanent crash in these markets.
Take a look at Bitcoin's (BTC 1.15%) chart over the same 36 months:
Because we don't have a standardized methodology to assess Bitcoin's underlying fundamentals (if there are any!), and cryptocurrency tends to trade in whipsaw-like manner, buying the dips feels more suitable in this arena. This is likely because Bitcoin is speculative in nature. In other words, Bitcoin is traded as a high-risk, high-reward asset that can "dip" at a moment's notice.
If you have a certain amount of money earmarked for cryptocurrency, investing sooner or holding it for a longer period of time doesn't necessarily give you a better chance of making money. Further, because Bitcoin has no cash flow or associated earnings, you won't miss out on dividend payments by waiting for the next crash to add some to your portfolio.
The decision to buy Bitcoin or any other digital currency should be considered at length in advance, so be sure to understand the associated risks of doing so. If you do decide to buy, make sure it's as part of a globally diversified portfolio comprised of different asset classes.
Pros and Cons
Advantages and limitations of buying the dips
Buying the dips comes with some advantages, but there are many disadvantages:
Advantages
- Lock in a lower average cost for your shares of a particular asset.
- May create psychological comfort to know you didn't buy "at the top."
Disadvantages
- Above all, it's a form of market timing.
- Extend horizon for long-term capital gains treatment.
- Extend horizon for qualified dividend treatment.
- Miss out on dividend payments, which could be invested at lower levels.
- Extremely difficult to predict in advance, especially when it comes to magnitude.
- No guarantee the asset recovers if the underlying business is damaged.
- May miss out on further gains if the asset doesn't drop as expected.
Example
Buying the dip example
As an example, let's take a look at Apple's (AAPL 3.15%) share price over the past 10 years:
Say you had purchased 1,000 shares of Apple in January 2019 when it was trading for $40 per share, totaling a $40,000 investment.
At the same time, say you wanted to keep a portion of your money on the sidelines to wait for the stock's next pullback. Imagine that amount was $10,000.
As it turned out, the stock's next pullback happened in March 2020 when the stock fell from $80 to around $60 -- $20 higher than your original purchase price!
Had you invested all the money from the beginning, $50,000, you'd have nearly doubled your money to $100,000 within the course of a year.
Instead, you'd be left with $80,000 a year later and $10,000 on the sidelines -- with no way to know when to invest it.
Finally, money you kept out of the market won't qualify for favorable long-term tax treatment until you invest it and hold it for a year, and it will also miss out on any accrued dividends over the time it remains idle.
Simply put, once you've decided to invest in a stock, invest the portion that makes sense for your total financial picture and invest all of it.
Risks
How to manage risks when buying the dip
If you do decide that you want to try to buy the dip in a particular index or stock, there are some things to keep in mind:
- Limit the amount that you decide to keep out of the market to a small percentage. If you have $50,000 to invest, keep only a modest amount uninvested as "dry powder" -- somewhere in the neighborhood of $5,000 to $10,000.
- Determine a specific price decline at which you're willing to deploy money. If you determine in advance that you'll buy more shares if a stock declines 10%, be ready to do it and execute your plan. Don't continuously wait for further drops -- you may be waiting a very long time!
- Understand the possible consequences of having money uninvested. You'll miss out on favorable tax treatment and the potential for qualified dividends, so be sure you know what you're giving up and why.
- Know that this is an unorthodox strategy when it comes to generating reliable after-tax returns. It might feel like buying the dips is advisable, but, in the lion's share of cases, it's best to be fully invested at all times. If your asset allocation calls for a portion of your portfolio to be held in cash, that's a different story.
Related investing topics
Understanding the risks
Understanding the risks
There are many psychological reasons that would lead one to believe that buying the dips is a sound investing strategy. Part of becoming a successful long-term investor, however, is learning to overcome these emotional and psychological biases to give yourself the best chance of doing well over time.
Buying the dips, if you do choose to try it, should be done in moderation and with a full understanding of the risks involved. Alternatively, it makes sense to develop a risk-adjusted asset allocation that considers your short- and long-term goals and to fully invest your money in accordance with it. There's a good chance that the "future you" won't be disappointed.
