In last Friday's column, I argued that tech stocks are almost certainly overvalued -- an opinion that hasn't changed -- and disclosed that, to take advantage of the decline I foresee, I had purchased the Rydex Venture 100 Fund (RYVNX), a mutual fund that every day moves double the inverse of the Nasdaq 100. In other words, if the Nasdaq 100 falls 1% on a given day, this fund will rise 2% and vice versa.
I argued that owning this fund was a much better option than shorting the Nasdaq 100 tracking stock (AMEX:QQQ) "because gains are unlimited while losses are capped -- precisely the opposite of a short position. If tech stocks retrace their gains over the past year, for example, investors in the Rydex fund can more than double their money, yet if the Nasdaq 100 continues to soar, losses cannot exceed the amount invested."
While this statement is true, I have reconsidered my analysis of the Rydex fund and now believe that it is not a good investment vehicle for the long-term, fundamental bet I wish to make. As a result I just sold my entire position in the fund. The fundamental problem with the Rydex fund is that identical percentage losses hurt an investor more than gains -- for example, a 20% loss followed by a 20% gain yields a 4% loss.
This table shows how an investment in the Rydex fund might work over one week:
Nasdaq Rydex Venture 100 100 Monday 1.00% -2.00%Tuesday 5.00% -10.00%Wednesday 1.00% -2.00%Thursday 1.00% -2.00%Friday -8.00% 16.00%WeeklyReturns -0.47% -1.74%
We can see that during this week, the Nasdaq 100 fell by 0.47%, resulting in an identical gain if one were short the QQQ. An investor in the Rydex fund, however, has lost money since the big gain on Friday can't make up for the earlier losses, as the gain was on a diminished base of capital.
This example is not hypothetical. This table shows what would have happened to someone who invested $10,000 at inception on 6/2/98 in the ProFunds UltraShort OTC Fund, which is nearly identical to the Rydex Venture 100 Fund:
Date Nasdaq UltraShort 100 ProFund06/02/1998 $10,000 $10,000 12/31/1998 $15,466 $3,252 12/31/1999 $31,233 $639 03/31/2000 $37,045 $385 03/31/2001 $13,252 $1,017 12/31/2001 $13,284 $616 09/30/2002 $7,013 $1,455 09/30/2003 $10,981 $445 Loss sinceinception 9.8% 95.6%
In other words, an investor who had simply shorted the QQQ (and had the guts to hang on as it more than tripled) would have lost less than 10%, whereas someone unfortunate enough to own one of the leveraged inverse funds would have been nearly wiped out. Even during shorter periods when the Nasdaq 100 didn't budge, such as 3/31/01 - 12/31/01, an investor in the ProFund lost nearly 40%.
To summarize, a leveraged inverse fund is not a good way to make a long-term fundamental bet that an index will decline, because even if one is eventually right, short-term volatility can ruin the bet. Such a fund is only appropriate, I believe, for short-term traders or those who can accurately identify peaks -- an ability I know I don't have and I'm skeptical of anyone who claims to have it.
Shorting
There are many ways to make bearish bets, however. Most obviously, one can short a stock or an index -- in most cases very easily. But I don't recommend this strategy for part-time investors, as even seasoned professionals are getting clobbered this year on the short side. (Full disclosure: I recently shorted the QQQ.) Shorting is psychologically tough and the economics are terrible, as potential losses are infinite, yet gains are limited to the amount of the investment. I've written about shorting and its perils at length in threepreviouscolumns, so I won't repeat myself here, but be careful!
Credit-default swaps
Another option -- again, only for professionals -- is buying credit-default swaps (CDS), a relatively new financial instrument that is essentially an insurance policy on a company's credit. If one owns a CDS on a company and it defaults on its debt, the CDS holder can buy the defaulted debt and receive full payment from the entity that wrote the CDS. (Note that most tech companies don't have debt, so CDSs do not exist for such companies.)
For example, let's say your believe Warren Buffett's warnings about the dangers of derivatives and are convinced that a blow-up will occur in this area in the next few years, so you want to make a bearish bet on a company such as J.P. Morgan Chase (NYSE:JPM), which has massive exposure to derivatives. As of yesterday's open, one can buy a CDS on J.P. Morgan's senior debt for 30 basis points (40 for the subordinate debt). That's 0.3% or 0.4%, a preposterously low price given the risks, in my opinion.
Here's how it would work: To insure $100 million of J.P. Morgan debt (one doesn't actually have to hold the debt to buy a CDS), one might buy a five-year CDS for 30 basis points per year, equal to $1.5 million in total (sometimes you can pay as you go, but other times you must pay the entire amount up front). If J.P. Morgan defaults on its debt at any time in the next five years and the debt trades at, say, 30 cents on the dollar, the CDS holder can buy $100 million of debt (face value) for $30 million and collect $100 million from the entity that wrote the CDS, thereby pocketing a $70 million gain -- nearly 50 times the amount invested. Even if J.P. Morgan didn't default, one could also make money on the CDS by selling it if the market became nervous about the company and the price of its CDS rose.
In many respects, a CDS is similar to a far-out-of-the-money, long-term put. The market is relatively new and illiquid, however, and they can only be purchased by investment funds and the like, so I'm writing about them for informational purposes, not because I recommend them for most people.
Puts
A final option for making a bearish bet on tech -- one that I am considering seriously -- is buying long-term puts on the QQQ. This has the advantage of being a long position (so gains can be far higher than losses) and less capital is at risk, but (as with any option) time is working against the investor and if one is wrong, the losses will be greater than if one had simply shorted the QQQ.
For example, as of yesterday's close, with the QQQ at $35.79, one could buy a January 2006, modestly-in-the-money $40 put for $7. If one were to hold this until expiration, this table shows what it would be worth:
QQQ QQQ Value Gain/ Price Change put @ Loss Expr. $20 -44% $20 186%$25 -30% $15 114%$30 -16% $10 43%$33 -8% $7 0%$36 +1% $4 -43%$40 +12% $0 -100%(or more)
This is simply a leveraged way to make a bearish bet on tech stocks: You can put up 80% less capital ($7 vs. $35.79) and make higher returns if you're right, but your percentage losses will be significantly greater if you're wrong.
Conclusion
I have yet to find an easy, safe way to make a bearish bet on any stock or sector, as there are significant disadvantages to all of the techniques I've identified. So perhaps the best idea, if a sector or stock is making you nervous, is to sell and just avoid losses rather than trying to profit from the decline.
Whitney Tilson is a longtime guest columnist for The Motley Fool. He was short shares of the QQQ at press time, though positions may change at any time. Under no circumstances does this information represent a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold any security. Mr. Tilson appreciates your feedback at [email protected]. The Motley Fool is investors writing for investors.
