Invest better with The Motley Fool. Get stock recommendations, portfolio guidance, and more from The Motley Fool's premium services.
The two types of qualified retirement plans are defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans.
An employer-sponsored retirement plan is a workplace benefit offered by some companies to provide workers with income in retirement. Employer-sponsored plans take different forms, but they fit primarily into two categories:
Employer-sponsored retirement plans -- and especially defined contribution plans -- are very common. In March 2025, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that 75% of full-time private-sector workers had access to a defined-contribution retirement plan.
However, there are pros and cons to consider before using a workplace retirement plan to save for your later years.
Employers determine the type of retirement savings plan they want to offer. Workers usually, but not always, can opt in or out. Some of the most common types of employer-sponsored retirement plans include the following:
Qualified retirement plans are tax-advantaged retirement plans subject to the 1974 Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) rules, as well as IRS guidelines. ERISA requirements are extensive. Plans are subject to minimum participation requirements, annual contribution limits, and vesting requirements.
Employers and employees can contribute to them with pre-tax dollars, though many plans also have a post-tax Roth option. Employers are subject to reporting, disclosure, and funding rules.
Non-qualified retirement plans are employer-sponsored retirement plans that do not have to meet ERISA guidelines for tax-qualified status. These plans are often provided to highly compensated employees as a benefit.
Non-qualified plans aren’t subject to annual contribution limits, and there are far fewer reporting requirements. Often, they're funded informally, and employers can't deduct their contributions until the employee actually receives the benefit. Employers can limit participation to select employees.
A defined benefit plan is an employer-sponsored retirement plan that guarantees an employee will receive a specified benefit in retirement. Also called pension plans, defined benefit plans require employers to assume the investment risk and responsibility for funding the plan.
The amount of money an employee receives is determined by a formula that's usually based on years of service, salary history, and age. Benefits can take the form of fixed monthly annuity payments, or employees may receive a single lump sum payment. If an employee dies, his or her surviving spouse or beneficiary may be entitled to receive benefits from the plan.
Defined contribution plans are more common than defined benefit plans, especially among private-sector workers. Under most of these plans, including 401(k)s, 403(b)s, and SIMPLE IRAs, employees are provided with the opportunity to defer a portion of their salary with pre-tax dollars but aren’t required to do so. Many plans also have a Roth option that allow employees to save post-tax money.
Employers can make voluntary contributions for a 401(k) or a 403(b). In the case of a SIMPLE IRA, employers must make mandatory contributions based on a preset formula. A SEP IRA is another type of defined contribution plan, but only employers can contribute to it.
With defined contribution plans, employees shoulder the investment risk and are largely responsible for ensuring their own retirement security. Employees are not guaranteed any minimum retirement income, and account balances fluctuate depending on changes in the value of investments.
Some workplace retirement plans offer employees ownership only after they fulfill certain requirements, such as working for a certain number of years.
In defined contribution plans, worker contributions are always 100% vested, meaning the employee owns them right away. However, there may be a vesting schedule for employer contributions that either transfers ownership of funds to the employee slowly over time (on a graded vesting schedule) or all at once after the employee fulfills a specific requirement (on a cliff vesting schedule).
Generally, employees must be fully vested and have 100% ownership of employer contributions after:
Vesting is also common in defined benefit plans where employers guarantee a certain amount of retirement income. Employers must allow workers to be 100% vested in employer-funded benefits within:
For those who work for employers offering retirement plans, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons of participating in a workplace plan versus using other types of retirement accounts such as individual retirement accounts (IRAs).
Here are some of the biggest benefits of participating in a workplace retirement plan.
Here are some downsides of employer retirement plans.
