In olden times, moats were used to protect castles and other valuable strategic properties. These wide trenches would surround an important resource and were often filled with water to prevent attackers from being able to seize the target. While businesses today aren't actually building moats to protect their headquarters and factories, economic moats play a key role in protecting them against rivals.
What is an economic moat?
What is an economic moat?
An economic moat is an advantage that makes it more difficult for a business' rivals to compete. While economic moats can stem from financial differentiators such as having lower operating costs, they can also arise from less tangible sources such as brand strength or a strong corporate culture.
Why are they important?
Why are economic moats important?
Having an economic moat is important for a business if it hopes to retain its market share and profit margins. The success of a product or service naturally incentivizes new competition, but the existence of an economic moat can help ensure that the initial product or service remains viable.
Even having a narrow economic moat confers meaningful competitive advantages and can prevent rivals from disrupting a business or provide a window of time in which operating conditions are significantly more favorable. If a company has a wide economic moat, it will enjoy sustainable competitive advantages that open the door for very strong sales and earnings performance over the long term.
Business size
Why is business size important for building economic moats?
As a business grows in size, it will often have opportunities to leverage the benefits of economies of scale. The marginal cost of producing additional units tends to decline as more units are produced.
While fixed costs remain the same, and companies may be able to get key materials and components at lower prices by buying at higher volume, the amount of revenue that can be generated goes up. This makes it possible for companies to generate improved profit margins or price their goods and services at levels that competitors find very difficult to match.
Expert views
Academic views on economic moats
Domenico Ferraro, PhD
The Motley Fool: What are the different types of economic moats a company can have?
Domenico Ferraro, PhD: “Efficient and streamlined production processes, along with high-quality products, ensure a competitive advantage. In addition, advanced management practices implement an optimal allocation of resources within the company.”
The Motley Fool: How can investors identify an economic moat in stocks?
Domenico Ferraro, PhD: “Analyzing companies’ balance sheets and evaluating their strategic decisions are the only reliable methods to identify competitive advantages that will be reflected in future stock market valuations.”
Related investing topics
Example
An example of an economic moat in action
Amazon (AMZN -0.45%) has incredible scale and resource advantages in the e-commerce industry. The company has spent decades running its online retail business at a loss or very slim profit margin to build up a massive warehouse and distribution network, and it has established a powerful economic moat that will make its industry-leading position very difficult to disrupt.
While Shopify (NYSE:SHOP) is a leading player in the e-commerce services industry and has powerful competitive strengths of its own, it ultimately gave up on its goal of challenging Amazon in order fulfillment services. After spending billions to build its own logistics network, Shopify abandoned its ambitions in the space because the costs would be too high.
Expanding its order fulfillment capabilities would have crushed Shopify's profitability, and the e-commerce services company decided it was better to shut down the initiative and focus on its existing strengths. High entry and operating costs proved to be a powerful economic moat, and a prospective challenger to Amazon in order fulfillment had to give up its pursuits.
