Marijuana use was legal for most of human history up to the early 20th century. Between 1916 and 1931, 29 U.S. states banned the use of marijuana. The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 essentially made cannabis illegal across the U.S.
While cannabis remains illegal on the federal level, most U.S. states have legalized the use and sale of medical marijuana. An increasing number of states are also legalizing the plant for recreational use. Here's the lowdown on marijuana legalization in the U.S.
Marijuana legalization in the U.S.
California, which legalized medical marijuana in 1996, was the first state to treat the legalization of marijuana as a state's right. Here is the long list of U.S. states, districts, and territories that have legalized either medical or recreational marijuana:
State | Legalized for Medical Use | Legalized for Recreational Use |
|---|---|---|
Alaska | x | x |
Both medical cannabis and recreational marijuana are legal in Alaska. In 1998, the state's voters passed Measure 8, a ballot initiative to allow the medical use of marijuana. In 2014, Alaska voters approved Ballot Measure 2, which legalized recreational marijuana. | ||
Arizona | x | x |
Both medical and recreational marijuana are legal in Arizona. In 2010, voters passed Proposition 203, which legalized medical marijuana. Ten years later, Arizona voters passed Proposition 207 to also legalize recreational marijuana. | ||
Arkansas | x | |
Medical marijuana became legal in Arkansas after voters passed Issue 6 in 2016, which amended the state constitution to legalize medical marijuana. Arkansas residents voted on legalizing recreational marijuana in November 2022. However, the ballot measure failed to pass. | ||
California | x | x |
Both medical cannabis and recreational marijuana are legal in California. In 1996, voters passed Proposition 215, a ballot initiative that legalized medical marijuana. In 2003, the state's legislature adopted SB 420. The law protects physicians from being punished for recommending medical marijuana to patients. In 2016, voters passed Proposition 64, legalizing recreational cannabis. | ||
Colorado | x | x |
Both medical and recreational cannabis are legal in Colorado. Voters passed Ballot Amendment 20 in 2000 to legalize medical marijuana. In 2012, Colorado voters passed Amendment 64, which legalized recreational marijuana. | ||
Connecticut | x | x |
Both medical and recreational cannabis are legal in Connecticut. The state's legislature passed a law in 2012 to legalize medical marijuana. In July 2021, Bill 1201 was signed into law to legalize recreational marijuana. | ||
Delaware | x | x |
Medical marijuana is legal in Delaware. In 2011, the state's general assembly passed SB 217, legalizing medical marijuana. In 2023, Delaware also legalized recreational marijuana. | ||
District of Columbia | x | x |
Both medical cannabis and recreational marijuana are legal in the District of Columbia. In 1998, D.C. voters approved Ballot Initiative 59 to permit seriously ill patients to use medical marijuana when it's recommended by a licensed physician. But at that time, the U.S. Congress, which has jurisdiction over the federal district, voted to prevent the initiative from being enacted. In 2009, Congress reversed the decision, allowing Initiative 59 to take effect. In 2010, D.C.'s council passed L18-2010, which legalized medical marijuana more broadly. In 2014, D.C. voters passed Initiative 71 to legalize recreational marijuana, too. | ||
Florida | x | |
Medical marijuana is legal in Florida. In 2016, voters approved Amendment 2 to legalize medical marijuana. | ||
Hawaii | x | |
Medical marijuana is legal in Hawaii. In 2000, the state's legislature passed SB 862 to legalize the medical use of cannabis. | ||
Illinois | x | x |
Both medical and recreational marijuana are legal in Illinois. The state legislature passed HB 1 in 2013 to allow the compassionate use of medical marijuana. In 2019, the legislature voted to legalize recreational marijuana. | ||
Kentucky | x | |
Governor Andy Beshear signed a bill into law on Mar. 31, 2023, to legalize medical cannabis. This law went into effect on Jan. 1, 2025. | ||
Louisiana | x | |
Medical marijuana is legal in Louisiana. In 2016, SB 271 and SB 280, which allow the medical distribution of marijuana, were signed into law. | ||
Maine | x | x |
Both medical and recreational cannabis are legal in Maine. In 1999, the state's voters passed Question 2, a ballot initiative that legalized medical marijuana. In 2009, Maine voters approved the Question 5 ballot initiative, enabling the creation of nonprofit medical cannabis dispensaries. It also established a statewide system for identification cards to protect patients who use medical marijuana from being arrested. In 2010, Maine's legislature passed LD 1811 to amend the state's medical marijuana laws to establish a medical advisory board, which can add new conditions for which medical marijuana can be legally used. In 2016, Maine voters approved Question 1, an initiative to legalize recreational marijuana. | ||
Maryland | x | x |
Medical cannabis is legal in Maryland. In 2014, the state's legislature adopted HB 881 to legalize medical marijuana. Maryland residents approved a constitutional amendment in November 2022 to legalize recreational marijuana. As of July 2023, recreational cannabis is legal in Maryland for those 21 years of age or older. | ||
Massachusetts | x | x |
Both medical and recreational marijuana are legal in Massachusetts. The state's voters passed the Question 3 ballot initiative in 2012 to legalize medical marijuana. In 2016, voters approved the Question 4 ballot initiative to legalize recreational marijuana. | ||
Michigan | x | x |
Both medical and recreational cannabis are legal in Michigan. In 2008, Michigan voters passed a proposal to legalize medical marijuana. Ten years later, the state's voters approved a proposal to also legalize recreational marijuana. | ||
Minnesota | x | x |
Medical and recreational marijuana are legal in Minnesota. In 2014, the state legislature passed SF 2470 to allow the legal use of medical marijuana. Minnesota legalized recreational marijuana in 2023. | ||
Mississippi | x | |
Voters in Mississippi passed Initiative 65 in 2020 to legalize medical marijuana. However, the state's supreme court overturned the initiative in 2021. In 2022, Mississippi's state legislature passed the Mississippi Medical Cannabis Act, with Gov. Tate Reeves signing the bill. | ||
Missouri | x | x |
Both medical and recreational marijuana are legal in Missouri. In 2018, voters passed Amendment 2 to legalize medical cannabis, and on Nov. 8, 2022, Missouri residents voted to legalize recreational marijuana. | ||
Montana | x | x |
Both medical and recreational marijuana are legal in Montana. Voters passed Initiative 148 in 2004 to allow the legal use of medical marijuana for patients with debilitating conditions. In 2011, Montana's legislature adopted SB 423, which expanded the state's medical marijuana laws. In 2020, voters passed Initiative I-190 to legalize recreational marijuana. | ||
Nebraska | x | |
Only medical marijuana is currently legal in Nebraska. The state's citizens voted in November 2024 to legalize medical cannabis. | ||
New Hampshire | x | |
Medical marijuana is legal in New Hampshire. In 2013, the legislature passed HB 573 to legalize the use of medical cannabis. | ||
New Jersey | x | x |
Both medical and recreational marijuana are legal in New Jersey. In 2009, the state legislature passed SB 119, which legalized medical marijuana. In 2020, New Jersey voters approved Public Question 1, an amendment that legalized recreational marijuana. | ||
New Mexico | x | x |
Both medical and recreational cannabis are legal in New Mexico. In 2007, the state legislature passed SB 523 to legalize medical marijuana for compassionate use. In 2021, the state passed bill HB 2, which legalized recreational marijuana. | ||
New York | x | x |
Both medical cannabis and recreational marijuana are legal in New York. In 2014, the state assembly passed bill A6357 to legalize medical marijuana. In 2021, the state assembly passed bill A01248, legalizing recreational marijuana. | ||
Nevada | x | x |
Both medical cannabis and recreational marijuana are legal in Nevada. Voters passed Question 9 in 2000 to amend the state's constitution to allow medical marijuana. In 2016, voters passed the Question 2 ballot initiative to legalize recreational marijuana. | ||
North Dakota | x | |
Medical marijuana is legal in North Dakota. It was legalized in 2016 when the state's voters approved Measure 5. Recreational marijuana is not legal in North Dakota but has been decriminalized. | ||
Ohio | x | x |
Medical marijuana is legal in Ohio. In 2016, the state legislature passed HB 523 to legalize the medical use of the plant. Ohio residents voted to legalize recreational marijuana in 2023. | ||
Oklahoma | x | |
Medical cannabis is legal in Oklahoma. In 2018, voters passed Question 788 to legalize its medical use. | ||
Oregon | x | x |
Both medical and recreational marijuana are legal in Oregon. In 1998, the state's voters passed the Oregon Medical Marijuana Act to legalize medical use. Oregon's legislature passed SB 161 in 2007 to amend provisions in that act and create new ones related to medical marijuana use. In 2014, voters approved Measure 91 to legalize recreational marijuana. | ||
Pennsylvania | x | |
Medical marijuana is legal in Pennsylvania. In 2016, the legislature passed SB 3 to legalize medical marijuana. | ||
Puerto Rico | x | |
Medical marijuana is legal in Puerto Rico. In 2007, the U.S. territory's general assembly passed SB 791 to allow the legal use of medical marijuana for certain medical conditions. | ||
Rhode Island | x | x |
Medical and recreational marijuana are legal in Rhode Island. In 2006, the state's general assembly voted in favor of a bill that legalized medical marijuana. Rhode Island's governor vetoed the bill, but the state assembly overrode the veto. In 2009, the state's general assembly passed SB 185 to amend its medical marijuana law to establish centers for medical marijuana to be distributed. Rhode Island legalized recreational marijuana in 2022. | ||
South Dakota | x | |
Medical marijuana is legal in South Dakota. In 2020, voters in the state passed both Initiated Measure 26 to legalize medical marijuana and Constitutional Amendment A to legalize recreational marijuana. The enactment of Constitutional Amendment A was blocked by the state's supreme court. A bill to legalize recreational marijuana passed in South Dakota's state senate in 2022 but was defeated in the state's house of representatives. South Dakota residents voted against legalizing recreational marijuana in November 2022. | ||
Utah | x | |
Medical marijuana is legal in Utah. In 2018, the state legislature passed HB 3001 to legalize medical marijuana. | ||
Vermont | x | x |
Both medical and recreational cannabis are legal in Vermont. In 2004, the state legislature passed SB 76, which legalized the use of medical marijuana for patients with specific serious illnesses. Three years later, the legislature passed SB 7 to expand the use of medical marijuana for more conditions. In 2018, the legislature passed H. 511 to allow the legal use of recreational marijuana. | ||
Virginia | x | x |
Both medical and recreational cannabis are legal in Virginia. In 2017, Virginia's legislature enacted a comprehensive bill that legalized cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) oil for patients with epilepsy. One year later, that bill was expanded to include patients with any diagnosed condition or disease. In 2021, the legislature fully legalized recreational marijuana by passing HB 2312, but legal sales of recreational cannabis won't begin until late 2024. The state is delaying the establishment of a commercial market to first create a comprehensive regulatory framework. Possession of up to one ounce of marijuana is legal for adults ages 21 and older. | ||
Washington | x | x |
Both medical and recreational marijuana are legal in the state of Washington. In 1998, voters passed Initiative 692 to legalize medical marijuana. In 2010, the state legislature adopted SB 5798, which allows authorized healthcare professionals other than physicians to recommend medical marijuana for patients. In 2012, Washington voters approved Initiative 502 to legalize recreational marijuana. | ||
West Virginia | x | |
Medical marijuana is legal in West Virginia. In 2017, the state legislature passed SB 386 to legalize the medical use of the plant. |
How do marijuana laws differ between states?
Federal marijuana laws and regulations apply to all states. The most important federal law relating to marijuana is the Controlled Substances Act, which regulates mind-altering substances.
As discussed earlier, individual states have significantly different marijuana laws. Some states allow the legal use of all types of marijuana. Others ban the use of marijuana entirely. Many states have a middle-of-the-road approach, allowing the use of medical marijuana but prohibiting the use of recreational marijuana.
Even in states where marijuana is legal, the details of how marijuana use is permitted can vary considerably. For example, states may have different limits on the amount of marijuana an individual can possess.
Pros and cons of legalizing marijuana
The benefits of legalizing marijuana include:
- Health benefits associated with medical marijuana.
- Tax revenue generated by legal marijuana sales.
- Less burden on the legal system to prosecute and imprison individuals who violate marijuana laws.
- Increased individual freedom.
On the other hand, the negatives associated with legalizing marijuana include:
- Potential for abuse.
- Potential health risks.
- Potential increase in vehicle accidents due to driving under the influence of marijuana.
Impact on healthcare systems
The legalization of marijuana has impacted U.S. healthcare systems in both positive and negative ways.
On the positive side, a study conducted by Leafwell that was published in the Applied Health Economics and Health Policy journal found that health insurance premiums declined in states that had legalized medical cannabis. One key factor behind the lower premiums is that cannabis users take fewer prescription drugs.
States with legal cannabis usage have also experienced declines in opioid-related deaths. Some patients with pain view cannabis as a replacement for opioid drugs such as oxycodone.
However, cannabis legalization has also negatively affected healthcare systems in other ways. States with legal recreational marijuana have experienced increased numbers of cannabis-related hospitalizations. The number of children poisoned by ingesting cannabis products has especially increased with the legalization of cannabis edibles.
What's next for marijuana legalization?
Both medical and recreational marijuana use remains federally illegal, with the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classifying cannabis as a Schedule I drug. Despite this classification, which is reserved for substances with no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse, the medicinal benefits of marijuana are hard to dispute.
The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) published a proposed rule in May 2024 to reschedule cannabis to Schedule III (controlled substances with a moderate to low potential for abuse). In August 2025, President Donald Trump stated his openness to rescheduling marijuana. He followed up in December 2025 by issuing an executive order directing the U.S. attorney general to take the necessary steps to reschedule marijuana as a Schedule III substance.
More states could legalize medical and recreational marijuana in the coming years. As public support keeps increasing and the number of marijuana stocks rapidly proliferates, more states are considering the potential tax revenue benefits from cannabis sales.
Efforts have been made in Congress to enact major cannabis reform at the federal level. However, all proposed bills have stalled in the legislative process.
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During the 2024 presidential campaign, Donald Trump indicated that he would support the rescheduling effort in his second term. Many cannabis proponents believe it is only a matter of time before marijuana becomes legal, or at least decriminalized, nationwide.
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