Greenwashing is the practice of using misleading or false environmental or sustainability claims to appeal to consumers or investors. Companies use greenwashing as a way to capitalize on rising consumer interest in environmental and social issues. One way they do this is by building marketing campaigns around green slogans, whether or not these campaigns have any basis in reality.
According to a 2024 study by RepRisk, global greenwashing cases saw a 12% decrease for the first time in six years. Meanwhile, high-severity cases surged by more than 30%, while almost 30% of companies flagged for greenwashing in 2023 were repeat offenders in 2024.
According to RepRisk's findings, cases in the European Union experienced a notable drop, while U.S. cases saw a slight increase over the year after previously showing a brief downward trend. Companies are using various tactics to mislead consumers and investors, including vague or ambiguous language, irrelevant claims, and opacity.
However, consumers and investors are demanding sustainability and companies are responding. That’s the good news.
According to a study by Morgan Stanley (MS -0.7%), 77% of investors have expressed interest in sustainable investing, with 57% saying their interest has grown in the past two years. In the U.S., 84% of individual investors are interested in sustainable investing, with Millennials and Generation X showing the highest interest.
Several factors are driving the growth of sustainable investing, including changing regulations, investment performance, an increasing number of options, and broader megatrends like the clean energy transition.
Many companies are taking steps toward corporate social responsibility or a positive environmental impact. That said, sustainable investors need to weed out greenwashed companies from committed businesses.
This article covers how to spot greenwashing and how to find companies committed to people, planet, and profits.
What is greenwashing?
What is greenwashing?
Greenwashing is any sort of false, misleading, or vague claim about the sustainable nature of a product or company. If the marketing campaigns cost more than the steps taken toward sustainability, it is a clear case of greenwashing. Some companies, for example, now place green leaves or green packaging on their products to make consumers believe they are working for the environment or sustainability.
The types of greenwashing are as varied as the companies creating them. Here are some common greenwashing techniques:
Misleading claims
Unless a term is regulated, claims such as “all natural,” “organic,” or “no harmful chemicals” may be used to mislead consumers. Food, supplements, cosmetics, and personal care product companies are frequent offenders when it comes to greenwashing claims. Other misleading claims can include “recycled,” “made with recycled materials,” “carbon-neutral,” “sustainable,” or “environmentally friendly.”
Irrelevant claims
Companies use irrelevant claims to appear better than competitors even though all products in the category have the same property. Examples are a laundry detergent free of a banned substance or a food product that is naturally without gluten sporting a “gluten-free” label.
Unsubstantiated claims
There are a vast number of regulated official seals, including certified B Corp, LEED-certified buildings, USDA Organic, and Energy Star. A company making a claim without a regulated third-party certification or other proof may be engaged in greenwashing.
Natural imagery
A verdant meadow or a pristine ocean landscape can conjure images of a positive environmental impact. Companies play on consumer psychology and automatic assumptions to create a sustainable public image that may be unsubstantiated.
Larger carbon footprints
Some companies will attempt to make green or vegan products while creating a larger carbon footprint. This is especially true of petroleum, clothing, and textile companies. Although the product may appear sustainable, check the overall effect. A variation on this theme is when companies reduce their carbon footprint in the U.S. while increasing emissions in other countries where they operate.
These misleading actions can influence consumers and investors by building a false sense of trust or shared goals. For sustainable investors, these companies may have none of the benefits of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) such as reduced long-term potential risks. They also have a major downside: a lack of transparency in reporting practices and marketing that can lead to additional risk or volatility in the future.
How it works
How greenwashing works
Greenwashing capitalizes on public awareness of and enthusiasm for pressing issues such as climate change and social justice. Since marketing is an unregulated field, many companies build effective marketing campaigns that lead the public to believe they are making a difference. These claims range from an exaggeration of impact to false claims or irrelevant information.
Greenwashing takes advantage of human psychology by delivering information in a way that portrays a green or eco-friendly image. Marketing professionals are skilled at creating an impression even if it is false or baseless. Eco-conscious investors need to be aware of the natural assumptions people tend to make when exposed to these marketing campaigns.
In some cases, the greenwashing campaign may seem like it involves harmless claims. However, such campaigns have two dangerous effects. First, they build consumer trust and market share for companies that are not taking action to combat the very serious issues of climate change and social injustice. Second, they lull investors into supporting companies that may actually be harming the environment more than competitors.
Examples
Examples of greenwashing
In 2015, Volkswagen (VWAGY) attracted greenwashing publicity for a low-emissions marketing campaign. The German automotive giant was cheating emissions tests with proprietary software that could detect when the test was being performed and temporarily reduce emissions. In real-world settings, those engines were emitting 40 times the allowed limit of pollutants.
While this is an extreme example of greenwashing, along with subverting EPA guidelines, Volkswagen is not alone. Here are examples of some of the most common greenwashing techniques in action:
Misleading or irrelevant claims
Food companies may claim their products are “all natural,” “GMO-free,” or “made with organic ingredients.” Other claims, such as a package of almonds advertising that they are “gluten-free,” “vegan,” or “low sugar,” may be technically true. However, almonds have always been a low-sugar, gluten-free, vegan food. The purpose of the labeling is to create a health halo and drive consumers’ purchasing decisions.
Clothing company Hennes & Mauritz (HNNMY 0.38%) has been accused of similar greenwashing with its “conscious collection.” A 2021 report by the Changing Markets Foundation found 96% of H&M’s claims were misleading or vague. The report also noted that a significant percentage of the conscious collection uses synthetic products derived from petroleum, leading to a larger total carbon footprint.
Unsubstantiated claims
Cosmetic companies use similar greenwashing techniques. However, cosmetics and personal care products’ ingredients are not regulated in the U.S., making greenwashing even more difficult to discern. Look out for labels using terms such as “all natural,” “organic,” or “no harmful chemicals.” Consumers or investors can search the EPA’s product database to verify label claims.
BP (BP 0.58%) made greenwashing headlines along these lines after running an ad campaign about working toward cleaner energy. The company remains carbon-intensive. Its pledge to be carbon-neutral by 2050 is a good step, but more immediate action is needed to substantiate claims.
Carbon distraction
Oil companies have become notorious for greenwashing claims. This includes statements about a commitment to emission reduction in their home country while increasing emissions in other countries.
Shell (SHEL 1.23%) boosted its public profile by asking customers what they were willing to change to help reduce emissions. The campaign did not require Shell to reduce their carbon footprint or change their business model even though its activities account for more than 1% of global carbon emissions. Instead, the campaign was used as a greenwashing technique to distract consumers from Shell’s unsustainable practices.
Small steps
Companies also may use a small step toward sustainability to create a green or climate-forward company image. Starbucks (SBUX -0.12%) did this in 2018 when it began phasing out plastic straws, touting the move as the basis of a sustainability campaign. That may have been a step in the right direction, but it doesn’t make the coffee giant a sustainable company.
Related investing topics
How to spot greenwashing
How to spot greenwashing
If ESG investing is a priority, investors will need to do independent research. Look for consumer labels with clearly defined standards. These third-party certifications assure investors that companies have invested the resources into upholding established standards for their stated values.
The MSCI and Sustainalytics ESG ratings are third-party certifications of companies related to environmental, social, and governance issues. MSCI rates more than 680,000 equity and fixed income securities and 8,500 companies globally. This ESG rating system scores companies on a scale of 0 to 10.0 and gives a corresponding rating from CCC to AAA. Leading ESG companies achieve ratings of AA or AAA.
ESG reporting can also offer insight into company practices and ESG priorities. However, there is not yet a standard reporting system, allowing companies to potentially greenwash their reports. Look for those using the most respected ESG reporting frameworks for their reports such as the IFRS, GRI, UNPRI, or SASB standards.
In summary, beware and do more research if you see any of the following greenwashing practices:
- Vague claims
- Unsubstantiated claims or slogans
- Irrelevant claims
- Lack of proof
- Lack of transparency
- Natural imagery
Investors have power in their hands. By learning to spot greenwashing, investors can support companies that meet sustainability metrics for corporate social responsibility and environmental impact as well as financial benchmarks.
Exclusive ESG Fund Q&A with Professor Katherine Klein
Katherine Klein
The Motley Fool: According to a recent study by The Motley Fool, 25% of Gen Z and millennial investors reported owning ESG stocks, while 32% said they don’t know what an ESG stock is. While it seems to be gaining popularity, why do you think ESG funds are still not as well-known and do you anticipate this figure to change in the future?
Professor Klein: I’m not surprised that the concept of ESG – and even the term itself – is not well-known among many young (and old) individual investors. When I’ve done an informal survey of friends and family, I’ve observed the same thing: Many people who are quite interested in and engaged in investing don’t know what ESG means. Many haven’t heard or read the term before.
I think a key reason that ESG funds are not well known is that the concept of ESG performance is multifaceted, complex, and abstract. ESG doesn’t mean one thing. It means three things. And those three things are neither intuitively obvious from the names or initials alone, nor clearly intercorrelated. That is, E, S, and G don’t necessarily go hand-in-hand. More on that below.
The meaning of E – environmental performance – is most intuitively obvious and, perhaps relatedly, E is the ESG dimension that has the most commonly accepted metrics. S – social performance – is much less intuitively obvious. What is the social performance of a company? Those unfamiliar with the meaning of ESG might guess that S, social performance, is – what? – how fun the company’s holiday parties are? How strong the company’s presence is on social media? How important it is to be friendly and outgoing if you want a job at the company? How much the company gives to charity? Only one of these guesses – the last one – is at all on target, but charitable donations are, of course, only one facet of a company’s social performance. The meaning of G – governance – is even less intuitively obvious.
I suspect that if you went to a marketing firm and asked for their advice in marketing the term ESG, the first thing they’d say is, “Get rid of the acronym and get rid of those three words, too. There’s got to be a shorter, clearer way to describe what you’re trying to get at.” But, the term and the initials ESG are probably here to stay. Given the growth of ESG funds – despite the confusion and uncertainty regarding the meaning of the term – I do think more and more people will learn the meaning of the term over the next several years.
The Motley Fool: What sort of regulations do you foresee that will ultimately prevent companies from inflating their sustainable practices (a.k.a. greenwashing) and how can consumers make more educated decisions on which ESG funds to invest in?
Professor Klein: This is a really important question and a challenging one to answer. We are starting to see calls for regulations that would greater transparency and stronger corporate disclosures to back-up ESG claims and counter greenwashing (and other forms of impact washing). The more corporations must transparently share their data and practices to back-up their ESG claims, the easier it will be to evaluate a company’s ESG performance.
But, still – even with substantial transparency and disclosure – making educated decisions about which ESG funds to invest in will remain a challenge. ESG is, as I’ve noted, a multifaceted, complex, and abstract concept. A single company may rank high on some “S” metrics (for example, board gender diversity) and weak on other “S” metrics (for example, working conditions in the supply chain). So, assigning a summary number to even a single dimension of ESG for a single company is challenging and perhaps not very informative. Assigning a summary number to a single company for all three dimensions of ESG is more challenging and less informative. Assigning a summary number to an ESG fund comprised of many companies is yet more challenging and less informative.
I hope that the market for information works – that some ratings firms will be shown to be particularly thorough and thoughtful in rating firms’ ESG practices. And I think there is and will continue to be a huge need for independent, academic research on the meaning and consequences of ESG. Then consumers will stand a better chance of making educated choices about which ESG funds they want to invest in.
