Investing in Railroad Stocks

Railroad stocks were responsible for one of the first big investment booms in U.S. history. More than a century later, railroads remain a key part of the economy. Railroad stocks offer ownership in the companies that operate in the railway industry. Over the years, the industry has consolidated to a handful of titans responsible for moving most of the goods around the country and to and from ports.

As shippers and truckers faced disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic, railroads held up better than most because of their unique 24/7 business model and ability to move a lot of cargo with very few people. And in an age where fuel efficiency is increasingly a priority, railroads are only growing in importance as the transportation solution of choice.

Transportation stocks tend to be cyclical, but rail holds up better than most in an economic downturn because rail companies are larger and better capitalized than trucking companies. Despite high oil prices leading to higher fuel bills, railroads also tend to do well when fuel costs spike because trains can transport a lot more cargo than trucks for each gallon of diesel burned.

For much of the 20th century, the railroad industry was plagued by bankruptcies. But today, thanks to years of consolidation and a recent push known as Precision Scheduled Railroading, the remaining companies are able to get more from their assets. The changes have brought down costs throughout the industry and allowed the companies to return more cash to shareholders.

Union Pacific (UNP -0.09%) is one of two large railroads operating in the western half of the country. Its track connects the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach with U.S. population centers. Union Pacific has long had a reputation among investors as the best-run U.S. railroad, with vast stretches of track through rural areas and connections to western energy assets.

Like most railroads, Union Pacific pays a dividend, with the stock yielding about 2.1% in late 2025. Over the past five years, the railroad has increased revenue at a compound annual rate of about 2.2%. Union Pacific is also seeking to consolidate the industry, in 2025 announcing plans to combine with Norfolk Southern.

2. Canadian Pacific

5. Norfolk Southern

Norfolk Southern (NSC -0.19%) is the other Eastern-focused railroad, operating more than 19,000 track miles across 22 states and the District of Columbia. The company is a major transporter of industrial, agricultural, and consumer products and is a primary source of transportation for coal and auto parts. Norfolk Southern also has an extensive intermodal network in the East that carries containers from ship hulls to truck flatbeds.

It remains to be seen how long Norfolk Southern will be an independent company. The railroad has agreed to a merger with Union Pacific -- although the deal is subject to regulatory review and could take years to close.