401(k) to Roth IRA Conversion

A 401(k) is a smart place to keep your retirement savings, especially if your company offers a matching contribution. But as some people look toward retirement, they find the Roth IRA's tax-free distributions more appealing.

Contributing funds to a Roth IRA is always an option, but you could also do a 401(k) to Roth IRA conversion with your existing savings. This lets you reclassify your 401(k) funds as Roth savings by paying taxes on the amount you'd like to convert.

Here's a closer look at how 401(k) to Roth IRA conversions work and how to decide whether they're right for you.

The effect on your tax bill depends on how much you convert and how much other taxable income you've earned during the year. If you're not careful, your 401(k) to Roth IRA conversion could significantly increase your tax rate, meaning you'll lose a higher percentage of your income to the government. You can avoid this by staying mindful of your tax bracket and taxable income throughout the year.

You may not owe taxes on the full amount of your 401(k) to Roth IRA conversion if you've made nondeductible 401(k) contributions in the past. But that's where things get a little hairy. Nondeductible 401(k) contributions are funds you contribute to a traditional 401(k) but don't get an immediate tax break for. You pay taxes on your contributions, but earnings grow tax-deferred until you withdraw them.

Not all plans allow nondeductible 401(k) contributions, but if yours does, you must understand how the government handles these withdrawals. If you're converting only some of your savings, the government looks at the proportion of nondeductible versus deductible contributions and taxes you accordingly.

For instance, let's say you have $100,000 in your 401(k), $10,000 of which is nondeductible contributions. If you wanted to convert $10,000 to a Roth IRA, only 10% of the converted amount, or $1,000, would be considered nondeductible contributions since only 10% of your total 401(k) contributions were nondeductible.

If you decide to roll over your entire 401(k) balance, you can roll all your pre-tax dollars into a traditional IRA and all your nondeductible contributions into a Roth IRA. You wouldn't pay taxes on this type of conversion because you already paid taxes on your nondeductible contributions the year you made them.

You start by converting the sum you expect to spend in your first year of retirement from your 401(k) or other tax-deferred accounts to a Roth IRA at least five years beforehand so you can access it penalty-free when you retire. Then, four years before you're ready to retire, you convert another sum you can use in your second year of retirement.

You continue doing this until you have enough to last until you're 59 1/2, at which point you can use all your savings penalty-free. It requires a lot of retirement savings to pull off and could result in a larger tax bill, but it's a strategy worth considering if you plan to retire before you're 59 1/2.

There are quite a few rules to keep in mind when doing a 401(k) to Roth IRA conversion. However, as long as you check your plan's restrictions and prepare yourself for the accompanying tax bill, you shouldn't run into any problems.

If you don't already have one, you must open a Roth IRA with a broker. Then, you'll provide your 401(k) plan administrator with the details regarding where you'd like your funds transferred and how much you'd like to transfer if you're doing a partial conversion. You may have to fill out some paperwork and pay a one-time rollover fee.

Because the government taxes Roth 401(k) and Roth IRA contributions the same way, you can roll over Roth 401(k) savings to a Roth IRA without paying taxes on your Roth 401(k) contributions. But if the amount you're rolling over includes employer-matched funds made pre-tax, these will affect your tax bill for the year.

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