Diversifying your investments isn't just about wisely balancing your portfolio between stocks and bonds. Alternative assets, such as fine art, might have a place in your portfolio as well. An art investment is the purchase of a piece of art with the expectation that it will increase in value.
If you're interested in art, you can diversify your assets and even find something nice to hang on the wall. At the very least, your investment will look a heck of a lot better than a stock certificate.
Is art a good investment?
Despite the high costs often associated with investing in art, it could still deserve a spot in your portfolio. The art market is not highly correlated with the stock or bond markets, which is exactly what investors should be considering when diversifying their assets.
No matter what the financial markets are doing -- moving up or trending down -- the art market isn't affected very much. While both stocks and bonds were declining in 2022, for example, art auctions were setting new record prices.
Art can also serve as a good hedge against inflation. People with a lot of cash on hand often look to buy hard assets such as art or real estate to protect their wealth. As a result, we recently saw strong increases in auction values during high inflation.
The trend bodes well for the future of art as an investment. Still, investors should be wary of being enticed by the high returns they could theoretically earn by investing in fine art.
Investors seeking long-term, reliable returns need to collect broadly and maintain a diversified portfolio. But for every home-run painting that increases tenfold in value in a short time, a collector will likely have many more pieces that barely budge in value and a few that decline considerably.
Diversified art investors with a sizable collection should expect returns more comparable to those of bonds, not the market-beating returns touted by the art indexes. That said, there's an air of prestige that comes from being an art collector. And if you're truly passionate about art, it can be worth buying pieces as an investment, as long as it's part of a broader portfolio of more traditional assets.
What to know before investing in art
When you invest in a piece of art, you're buying it with the expectation that demand for that piece or similar pieces will increase faster than supply. If that happens, the value of the piece will increase and you may be able to sell it for a profit (although, that's easier said than done).
Choosing an artist can be difficult
You're unlikely to discover the next big artist before they've earned a reputation and started commanding high prices for their work. Sad as it may be, works by living artists don't fetch the same prices at auction as pieces by those who have passed away.
You also can't just go down to your local antique store and find a real Monet, Modigliani, Matisse, or Munch on sale for a few bucks. Buying work by one of those artists at auction would cost millions.
You may have to hold your art for a while
Even when you manage to acquire a piece that increases in value, the art market is relatively illiquid. You'd typically have to wait to sell, and you'll incur high fees to a broker or auction house to liquidate your holdings if you want to cash in on your investment.
Art requires maintenance
Art is typically a tangible, hard asset. Unlike intangible assets, such as retirement accounts, art takes up physical space. Care and maintenance are required to ensure the art retains its value.
If you're displaying the art in your home, you'll need to be mindful of temperature, humidity, sunlight, and other factors that could degrade the work. For a fee, you can opt to have a storage company keep the work in a climate-controlled environment.
Other costs to consider when purchasing and selling artwork include sales tax, transportation expenses, authentication and appraisal fees, and insurance. You may also want to buy a nice frame or another type of display mechanism for your artwork.
How to make your first investment in art
You can easily find art to purchase at galleries and auction houses (both physical and online). You might also check out local art fairs. Online magazines and social media channels, such as Meta Platforms' (META +0.18%) Instagram, can help you discover artists you like, and you can buy works directly from artists' websites.
Or you might dive into the world of non-fungible tokens (NFTs), which can represent ownership of digital art. There are several ways to invest in art, each with varying degrees of risk and reward.
High risk and high price tag
You can buy original works at auctions, galleries, and art fairs. However, doing so comes with the highest price tag and the highest amount of risk.
You can try to buy works by an up-and-coming artist, hoping you've found the next Banksy. A one-of-a-kind painting or sculpture could someday be worth much more than what you paid, or you might have trouble reselling it.
Low risk and low price tag
Instead of buying an original, you could opt for a print of an original painting or drawing. Many artists and galleries will make limited-edition prints of some works and give collectors the opportunity to buy a print at a set retail price on their website.
A high-quality, limited-edition print can be very valuable and costs a fraction of the price of the original. But since prints usually aren't unique, they don't increase in value in the same way as the originals.
Low risk and high price tag
You can buy pieces by blue chip artists, such as Andy Warhol, which generally hold their value better but offer less capital appreciation or upside. Blue chip artists are those whose works have the most stable value and are not subject to fashions and speculation.
Many first-time investors can't afford to buy a blue chip painting or sculpture. However, several funds enable investors to buy shares in a holding company that will buy a blue chip piece of art. (More on that below.)
Importantly, if you're going to buy individual works of art, you probably want to buy works that make you happy. If you invest $25,000 in a painting you think is ugly just because you expect its value to rise, you're missing out on the fun part of investing in art versus other asset classes.
Other ways to invest in art
If you don't want the hassle of owning a piece of art, it's still possible to invest in artwork without taking possession of the physical asset. Art funds, which are structured much like other investment funds, allow investors to partially own pieces of art.
MasterWorks, for example, is a fund manager that acquires blue chip art from auctions on behalf of its investors. It creates a holding company for each piece of art to acquire, store, promote, and resell it for profit. The firm registers the company with the Securities and Exchange Commission and issues shares to people who want to invest in a specific piece of art.
Securitizing artwork in this way makes investing in art more accessible and the market for its shares more liquid. Investors can buy and sell shares more easily than they can buy and sell the actual pieces of artwork.
Firms such as MasterWorks conduct research to identify artworks with a good chance of increasing in value, and they oversee the maintenance required to keep the artworks in pristine condition. However, their investors pay a fee for the service and don't get to take physical possession of the art.
Unfortunately, there is no such thing as an art exchange-traded fund (ETF) or mutual fund. Focusing an ETF or mutual fund on art is impractical due to the illiquid nature of the art market.
Art's singularity and inherent scarcity prevent fund managers from simply buying more Renoir or Basquiat paintings to satisfy increasing investor demand. Similarly, if many shareholders of an art fund wanted to redeem their shares, the illiquidity of the art market would prevent the manager from easily selling the fund's assets.
Unfortunately, there is no such thing as an art exchange-traded fund (ETF) or mutual fund.
The art indexes
Firms such as Sotheby's and Christie's, which sell art as investments, will often cite Art Market Research's Art 100 Index to justify their starting bids. The index tracks sales of 100 artists across various regions, styles, and periods from 22 auction houses worldwide and can convey a broad sense of how the global market for artwork is performing.
In 2018, Artprice launched its Artprice100 Index, which focuses on blue chip artists. The company says the index grew at an average annual rate of 8.9% from 2000 through 2017.
Meanwhile, the S&P 500 (^GSPC -1.23%) grew at less than half that rate during the same period (which, notably, started just before the dot-com bubble popped and includes the Great Recession). However, the S&P 500 outperformed the Artprice100 every year from 2015 through 2020. The art index outperformed in 2021 and 2022 but fell short once again in 2023 and 2024.
There are a couple of problems with these art-focused indexes. First, they account only for the auction prices of the artworks sold, disregarding all the costs associated with investing in artwork. A piece's sale price may not generate a profit if it is sold at a price lower than the up-front costs (including sales tax, transportation, and appraisal).
The second problem is a phenomenon called "selection bias." Art market prices don't update every moment or day like the prices of securities traded in the financial markets. Art indexes are based on the available auction data.
If a piece of art never sells, then there's no data. Works not going up for auction are often worth less than the most recent selling price, making the indexes' recorded returns greater than the overall art market. The indexes are biased to account only for the winners.
Where to find art to buy
You can find art for sale just about anywhere. You could walk down to your favorite local coffee shop, and there's a good chance you'd see some art you could purchase hanging on the walls.
Brick-and-mortar galleries
Investors looking for art shouldn't ignore art galleries. To make a profit, they charge a hefty markup that investors may view as wasted money. But galleries also provide the service of promoting an artist and getting their works into museums.
A gallery's investment in an artist indicates that the gallery views the work as a valuable contribution to the arts. So, the artwork likely has more monetary value than a painting on the wall at a coffee shop.
Online galleries and auction houses
You can also buy art on the internet, either through an online gallery or auction house. The big names -- Sotheby's, Christie's, and others -- accept online bids. You can also find smaller, exclusive online galleries and auctions via a simple web search.
Be sure to research the reputation of any online art dealer before you bid or buy. Many artists also sell directly to customers through their own websites.
Potential benefits and risks of investing in art
The primary benefits of investing in art:
- It serves as a diversifying asset, where returns are largely uncorrelated with the returns of stocks or bonds.
- It's typically seen as a hedge against inflation, similar to other hard assets.
- You can support artists you like and fuel your personal passion for the arts.
- It's pretty.
The potential risks of investing in art:
- You might be unable to sell a piece when you want due to the illiquidity of the market.
- Valuing art is much more difficult due to the illiquidity of the market, which could lead to mispricing on the purchase or sale of a piece.
- You may suffer a total loss if a piece is damaged and it's not properly insured.
How to maximize art investments
Maximizing your art investment requires massive amounts of patience. Collect widely and ensure a diversified portfolio. Very few pieces will end up becoming particularly valuable, so it's worth buying artwork you actually enjoy looking at, caring for, and displaying.
There's a common saying that you make money on an investment when you buy it, not when you sell it. That's just as true in art investing. If you do your homework, build relationships, and focus on finding value, you can maximize your investments.
Who should (and shouldn't) invest in fine art?
Here are a few more things to consider before you decide to commit your money to investing in artwork. Investing in fine art may be a good fit for you if:
- You have a passion and appreciation for art and are willing to do your research.
- You have an established portfolio of other investments and want to diversify your assets.
- You have a high risk tolerance.
- You're willing to own a piece of art indefinitely.
- You can afford the maintenance and insurance for the pieces you acquire.
Avoid art as an investment if:
- You're expecting returns that outpace the stock market.
- You have no interest in displaying the works you buy.
- You want to be able to liquidate your holdings quickly and easily.
Investing in art isn't for everyone. It carries a lot of risk, and investors shouldn't expect huge returns, even from a diversified collection of works. But if you buy artwork that makes you happy, at the very least, you'll own pieces you love and can proudly display. If any of your artwork substantially increases in value, you can sell those pieces for a handsome profit and use the proceeds to redecorate.
Related investing topics
Latest art investment trends
Over the last couple of years there's been a growing trend for collectors and galleries to focus on emerging artists instead of established artists. Emerging artists offer higher risk and higher rewards for investors, as their pieces generally cost less but could become extremely valuable if the artist increases in popularity.
When it comes to how to invest in art, more art auctions and galleries are moving to online listings. While that produces some information challenges for investors, it also opens up more opportunities to buy a new piece. For small investors, fractional ownership through companies like Masterworks allows them to gain exposure to the asset class without having to figure out things like storage and maintenance.
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