Disposable income versus discretionary income
Disposable income is different from discretionary income, which is what's left after the necessary things like groceries, rent, and other essential cost-of-living items are taken out of your income. Although you absolutely cannot live without them, discretionary items are not considered mandatory for the purposes of determining disposable income.
This distinction rarely comes into play unless you're affected by a wage garnishment, when the government or other garnishing party will determine how much they can take based on your disposable income -- not your discretionary income -- even if you have many very high living expenses.
How does disposable income affect the economy?
Economists track disposable income because it is the fuel that makes the economic wheels go round. More disposable income means more spending and more saving by consumers, which then helps businesses grow and the economy to expand.
Less disposable income may lead to a contraction, especially if it's a long-term problem. Businesses in the same country as the lack of disposable income may experience a more difficult environment and struggle to thrive. Knowing how much disposable income is in the hands of the population can help inform government economic policies.