Companies such as Nvidia and AMD focus solely on the design, marketing, and sale of chips while outsourcing manufacturing to third-party foundries. The fabless model avoids the heavy capex burden, but these companies are highly dependent on foundries for production capacity and can be vulnerable to supply chain issues.
Equipment manufacturers like ASML Holding produce the highly specialized machinery that foundries use to manufacture chips. Then there are companies like Taiwan Semiconductor, which operate solely as contract manufacturers producing chips for fabless companies and other firms. Foundries require extremely high capex but can benefit from the growing fabless market.
- A company's gross and operating margins reveal its efficiency and competitive strength. Fabless companies tend to have higher gross margins than foundries, but these numbers can fluctuate significantly with various market cycles.
- Understand standard valuation metrics like the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio for any microchip stock you evaluate for your portfolio. For cyclical industries like semiconductors, mid-cycle earnings or normalized margins can offer a more stable valuation perspective.
- Pay attention to a company's free-cash-flow (FCF) conversion rate, which indicates a strong ability to generate cash. This figure is typically calculated as FCF/EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) or FCF/GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) net income.
- The semiconductor industry demands constant innovation. A company's R&D as a percentage of revenue (typically 10% to 25%) can indicate its commitment to remaining competitive.
Make sure you understand the company's position in its specific market segment and the catalysts that play into its long-term growth story. For example, Nvidia is a leader in AI chips, while Micron is a market leader in memory products. Dominant market players often have wider moats -- sustainable competitive advantages -- and tend to have higher margins.
Investors should be sure to diversify their capital across a range of stocks and sectors so as not to be overly concentrated in any one particular area.